Latin – Page 2

Teach yourself Latin XI

CAPVT XI

Personal pronouns: ego, tu, is

本章介紹拉丁文中的人稱代名詞以及其變化規則。

第一第二人稱代名詞之變化如下：

	I	WE	YOU(sg.)	YOU(pl)
N G D A A	Ego Mei Mihi Me Me	Nos Nostrum/nostri Nobis Nos Nobis	Tu Tui Tibi Te Te	Vos Vertrum/vestri Vobis Vos Vobis

第三人稱的變化比較複雜一點，但單數時的基本規則跟先前的hic, heac, hoc有點像，而複數形的規則基本上跟先前學過的形容詞變化沒有太大差異。

	He, this man	She, this woman	It, this thing
N G D A A	Is Eius Ei Eum Eo	Ea Eius Ei Eam Ea	Id Eius Ei Id[1] Eo
N G D A A	Ei,ii Eorum Eis Eos Eis	Eae Earum Eis Eas Eis	Ea Eorum Eis Ea Eis

代名詞的用法其實跟一般英文也沒有太大差異，比方說：

Ego tibi libros dabo.

I will give the books to you.

還滿簡單的，唯一的問題就是要背熟各個人稱的declensions而已。

通常羅馬人使用ego等代名詞時，代表他要強調是「我」去如何如何，一般情況下，由於動詞字尾會表述出人稱，並不需要額外在使用這些代名詞來指出人稱。

此外，先前教過用形容詞去說my book, your book，那可以用genitive case去表述相同的意思嗎？答案是：在大多數的情況下不能這樣使用，還是必須要用形容詞meus, mea, meum與tuus, tua, tuum修飾，複數時也一樣。通常只有在第三人稱時才會用genitive case去表達所有格。

IS, EA, ID AS DEMONSTRATIVE

Is/ea/id可以當成比較弱的指示詞，語氣上比起hic或是ille還要弱一點。

要談「一樣的人/事/物」時，可以在代名詞後面接上-dem。但由於發音的關係，所以在acc.時eom, eam, id要改成eondem, eandem, idem；gen.時則為eorundem, earundem, eorundem。

VOCABVLA

NOUN
Caput, capitis	M		Head; leader; beginning; life; heading; chapter
Consul, consulis	M		Consul
Nemo, nullius, nemini, neminem, nullo/nulla	M F		No one, no body
Ego, mei			I
Tu, tui			You
Is, ea, id			This, that; he, she, it
Idem, eadem, idem			The same
ADJECTIVE
Amicus, amica, amicum			Friendly
Carus, cara, carum			Dear
OTHER
Quod	conj		Because
Neque, nec	conj		And not, nor; neque….neque or nec…nec, niether nor
Autem	Post conj		However, moreover
Bene	adv		Of bonus, well, satisfactorily, quite
Etiam	adv		Even, also
VERB
Intellego, intellegere, intellexi, intellectum		To understand
Mitto, mittere, misi, missum		To sent, let go
Sentio, sentire, sensi, sensum		To feel, perceive, think, experience

EXERCITATIONES

1. Eum ad eam cum aliō agricolā herī mittēbant.

They sent him to her with the other farmer yesterday.

2. Tū autem fīliam beātam eius nunc amās.

However you now love happy daughter of him.

3. Propter amīcitiam, ego hoc faciō. Quid tū faciēs, mī amīce?

Because of friendship, I do this. What will you do, my friend?

4. Vōsne eāsdem litterās ad eum mittere crās audēbitis?

Will you dare to send the same letter to him tomorrow?

5. Dūc mē ad eius discipulam (ad eam discipulam), amābō tē.

Lead me to his student (to that student), please.

6. Post laborem eius grātiās magnās eī agēmus.

After his great labor, we will give him great thanks.

7. Tūne vēritātem in eō librō dēmōnstrās?

Do you show the truth in this book?

8. Audē, igitur, esse semper īdem.

Therefore, always dare to be the same.

9. Venitne nātūra mōrum nostrōrum ex nōbīs sōlīs?

Does the nature of our character come from us alone?

10. Dum ratiō nōs dūcet, valēbimus et multa bene gerēmus.

When reason will lead us, we will be strong and accomplish many things well.

11. Illum timōrem in hōc virō ūnō invenīmus.

We find that fear in this one man.

12. Sine labōre autem nūlla pāx in cīvitātem eōrum veniet.

Without labor, however, no peace will come into their state.

13. Studium nōn sōlum pecūniae sed etiam voluptātis hominēs nimium trahit; aliī eās cupiditātēs vincere possunt, aliī nōn possunt.

Eagerness drags humans not only for money but also for pleasure too much; some can overcome these desires, others cannot.

14. His life was always dear to the whole people.

Vita eius populo toti semper erat cara.

15. You will often find them and their friends with me in this place.

Eas et amicos earum in hoc loco mecum saepe invenies.

16. We, however, shall now capture their forces on this road.

Nos autem copias eorum in ea via nunc capiemus.

17. Since I was saying the same things to him about you and his other sisters, your brother was not listening.

Quoniam eadem de te et aliis eius sororibus ei dicebam, frater tuus non audiebat.

SENTENTIAE ANTIQUAE

1. Virtūs tua mē amīcum tibi facit. (Horace.)

Your virtue makes me a friend to you.

2. Id sōlum est cārum mihi. (Terence. — cārus)

It alone is dear to me.

3. Sī valēs, bene est; ego valeō. (Pliny. — bene est, it is well.)

If you healthy, that is well; I am healthy.

4. Bene est mihi quod tibi bene est. (Pliny. From letter.—bene est, idiom, it’s good/that’s good

What is well for you is well for me.

5. “Valē.” “Et tū bene valē.” (Terence.)

“Good-bye.” “And you good-bye (well).”

6. Quid hī dē tē nunc sentiunt? (Cicero.)

What do these men now think of you?

7. Omnēs idem sentiunt. (*Cicero. — omnēs, all men)

Everyone thinks the same thing.

8. Videō nēminem ex eīs hodiē esse amīcum tibi. (Cicero. —nēminem, none)

I see that none of them is a friend of you today.

9. Hominēs vidēre caput Cicerōnis in Rōstrīs poterant. (Livy. — eius: Antony proscribed Cicero and had the great orator’s head cut off and displayed on the Rostra—rostra, -orum)

The men were able to see Cicero’s head on the Rostrum.

10. Nōn omnēs eadem amant aut eāsdem cupiditātēs studiaque habent. (Horace.)

Not all men love the same things or have the same desires and pursuits.

11. Nec tēcum possum vīvere nec sine tē. (*Martial.)

I can live neither with you nor without you.

12. Vērus amīcus est alter īdem. (Cicero. — alter īdem: a second self)

A true friend is a “second self.”

CICERO DENOUNCES CATILINE IN THE SENATE

(Cicero. In Catilīnam 1.1.ff.)

Senātus: senate

Dēsignāre, design

Mors, mortis, f, death

Apertē, adv, openly

Quid facis, Catilīna? Quid cōgitās? Sentīmus magna vitia īnsidiāsque tuās.

What are you doing, Catiline? What are you thinking? We feel your great vices and treachery.

O tempora! O mōrēs! Senātus haec intellegit, cōnsul videt.

O the times! O the customs! The senate understands these, the consul sees.

Hic tamen vīvit. Vīvit? Etiam in senātum venit; etiam nunc cōnsilia agere audet; oculīs dēsignat ad mortem nōs!

This man lives nevertheless. He lives? He even comes into the senate; he even dares to carry out the plans now; with his eyes he designs us to death!

Et nōs, bonī virī, nihil facimus! Ad mortem tē, Catilīna, cōnsul et senātus dūcere dēbent.

And we, good men, we do nothing! To death, you Catiline, the consul and senate should lead!

Cōnsilium habēmus et agere dēbēmus; sī nunc nōn agimus, nōs, nōs — apertē dīcō– errāmus!

We have a judgment and we must conduct (it); if we will not conduct (it) now, we, we – I openly say – we are wrong!

Fuge nunc, Catilīna, et dūc tēcum amīcōs tuōs.

Flee now, Catiline, and take your friends with you.

Nōbīscum remanēre nōn potes; nōn tē, nōn istōs, nōn cōnsilia vestra tolerābō!

You can not remain with us; not you, not them, not your plans will I tolerate!

[1] 乍看之下，好像是Id與其他詞性之定三人稱代名詞比較起來比較奇怪，但其實想一下donum的變化方式，就會發現其實neuter pronouns一點也不奇怪。

Teach yourself Latin X

CAPVT X

本課介紹第四種變化的動詞。

此種動詞變化基本上與第三變化相差無幾，只是在字根上會多保留一個-i-，如下所示：

Present active indicative

Agere, I lead	Audire, I hear	Capere, I take
Ago Agis Agit Agimus Agitis Agunt	Audio Audis Audit Audimus Auditis Audiunt	Capio Capis Capit Capimus Capitis Capiunt

Future active indicative

Agam

Ages

Aget

Agemus

Agetis

Agent

Audi-am

Audi-es

Audi-et

Audi-emus

Audi-etis

Audi-ent

Capi-am

Capi-es

Capi-et

Capi-emus

Capi-etis

Capi-ent

Imperfect active indicative

Agebam

Agebas

Agebat

Agebamus

Agebatis

Agebant

Audi-ebam

Audi-ebas

Audi-ebat

Audi-ebamus

Audi-ebatis

Audi-ebant

Capi-ebam

Capi-ebas

Capi-ebat

Capi-ebamus

Capi-ebatis

Capi-ebant

Present active imperative

Sg. Age

Pl. Agite

Audi

Audite

Cape

Capite

VOCABVLA

NOUN
Amīcitia, -ae	f		Friendship
Cupiditās, cupiditātis	f		Desire, longing, passion; cupidity, avarice
Hōra, -ae	f		Hour, time
Nātura, -ae	f		Nature
Senectūs, senectūtis	f		Old age
Timor, timōris	m		Fear
Vēritās, vēritātis	f		Truth
Via, -ae	f		Way
Voluptās, voluptātis	f		pleasure
ADJECTIVE
Beatus, -a, -um			Happy, fortunate, blessed
OTHER
Quoniam	Conj.		Since, inasmuch as
Cum	Prep.		+abl., with
VERB
Audio, audīre, audīvī, audītum		To hear, listen to
Capiō, capere, cēpī, captum		To take, capture, seize, get
Dīcō, dīcere, dīxī, dictum		To say, tell, speak; name, call
Faciō, facere, fēcī, factum		To make, do, accomplish
Fugiō, fugere, fūgī, fugitum		To flee, hurry away; escape; go into exile; avoid, shun
Veniō, venire, vēnī, ventum		To come
Inveniō, invenīre, invēnī, inventum		To come upon, find
Vivo, vīvere, vīxī, vīctum		To live

EXERCITATIONES

1. Quid discipulae hodiē discere dēbent?

What should students learn today?

2. Frātrēs nihil cum ratiōne herī gerēbant.

The brothers were conducting nothing without reason yesterday.

3. Ille magnam virtūtem labōris et studiī docēre saepe audet.

That man often dares to teach the great virtue of work and study.

4. Hic dē senectūte scrībēbat; ille, dē amōre; et alius, dē lībertāte.

He used to write about the old age; that man about love; and another about freedom.

5. Ex librīs ūnīus virī nātūram hārum īnsidiārum dēmōnstrābimus.

From the books of one man, we will demonstrate the nature of the treachery.

6. Istī sōlī victōriam nimis amant; neuter dē pāce cōgitat.

Those men alone love victory too much; neither thinks of peace.

7. Ubi cīvitās ūllōs virōs magnae sapientiae audiet?

When will the state listen to any men of great wisdom?

8. Ex illīs terrīs in hunc locum salvum cum amīcīs vestrīs venīte.

Come out of those countries into this safe place with your(pl.) friends.

這邊的in後面加的是acc，表示是一種動態性的狀態，故要翻譯成into

9. Post paucās hōrās sorōrem illīus invenīre poterāmus.

After a few hours, we were able to find that man’s sister.

10. Cōpiae vestrae utrum virum ibi numquam capient.

Your troops will never capture either man there.

11. Alter Graecus remedium huius morbī inveniet.

The other Greek will find the remedy of this disease.

12. Carmina illīus scrīptōris sunt plēna nōn sōlum vēritātis sed etiam virtūtis.

Poems of that writer are not only full of truth but also of virtue.

13. We shall then come to your land without any friends.

Tum ad terram tuam veniemus sine amicis.

14. While he was living, nevertheless, we were able to have no peace.

Dum vivebat, tamen, nullam pacem habere poteramus.

15. The whole state now shuns and will always shun these vices.

Tota civitas haec vitia nunc fugit et semper fugiet.

16. He will, therefore, thank the queen and the whole people.

Reginae igitur populoque toti gratias aget.

注意，thanks somebody在拉丁文中是給予某人一個感謝，所以「某人」是dative case而不是accusative case。

SENTENTIAE ANTIQUAE

1. Cupiditātem pecūniae glōriaeque fugite. (Cicero)

Avoid the desire of money and glory.

2. Officium meum faciam. (*Terence.)

I shall do my duty.

3. Fāma tua et vīta fīliae tuae in perīculum crās venient. (Terence.)

Your fame and your daughter’s life will come into danger tomorrow.

4. Vīta nōn est vīvere sed vālēre. (Martial.)

Life is not to live but to be well.

5. Semper magnō cum timōre incipiō dīcere. (Cicero. — incipiō, -ere, to begin)

I always begin to speak with great fear.

這句話體現了拉丁文一個特點，如果cum+abl中的abl被形容詞修飾，則開形容詞放在cum前，而非abl前。

6. Sī mē dūcēs, Mūsa, corōnam magnā cum laude capiam. (Lucretius. — Mūsa, -ae – corona, -ae, crown)

If you guide me, Muse, I shall take the crown with great praise.

7. Vīve memor mortis; fugit hōra. (Persius. — memor, mindful of– mors, mortis, f, death )

Live mindful of death; time flies.

8. Rapite, amīcī, occāsiōnem dē hōrā. (Horace. — rapiō, -ere, catch– occasion, -ōnis, f, opportunity )

Seize, friends, the opportunity from the time.

9. Paucī veniunt ad senectūtem. (*Cicero.)

Few come to old age.

10. Sed fugit, intereā, fugit tempus. (Virgil. — intereā, adv, meanwhile)

But it flees, meanwhile, time flees.

這句話就是time flies的起源。

11. Fāta viam invenient. (*Virgil. — fātum, -ī, n, fate)

The Fates will find a way.

12. Bonum virum nātūra, nōn ōrdō, facit. (*Publilius Syrus. — ōrdō, -dinis, m, rank)

Nature, not rank makes a good man.

13. Obsequium parit amīcōs; vēritās parit odium. (Cicero. — obsequium, -iī,compliance– pariō, -ere, to produce– odium, -iī, hate)

Compliance produces friends; truth produces hatred.

THE INCOMPARABLE VALUE OF FRIENDSHIP

Cicero. Dē Amīcitiā, excerpts; see L.A.6.

Comparāre, compare– melius, better– mālunt, prefer– incertus, -a, -um, uncertain

Nihil cum amīcitiā possum comparāre; dī hominibus nihil melius dant.

I can compare nothing with friendship; the gods give nothing better to men.

Pecūniam aliī mālunt; aliī, corpora sāna; aliī, fāmam glōriamque; aliī, voluptātēs.

Some prefer money; the other, sound bodies; some, fame and glory; the other, pleasures

— sed hī virī nimium errant, quoniam illa sunt incerta et ex fortūnā veniunt, nōn ex sapientiā.

—but these men err too much, since those things are unsure and come from fortune, not from wisdom.

Amīcitia enim ex sapientiā et amōre et mōribus bonīs et virtūte venit; sine virtūte amīcitia nōn potest esse.

Friendship truly comes from wisdom and love and good character and virtue; friendship cannot be without virtue.

Sī nūllōs amīcōs habēs, habēs vītam tyrannī; sī inveniēs amīcum vērum, vīta tua erit beāta.

If you have no friends, you have a life of tyrant; if you will find a true friend, your life will be happy.

Teach yourself Latin IX

CAPVT IX

本章介紹用來指涉事物的冠詞以及以-ius結尾的特殊形容。由於變化繁多，有點難背，一般會用ille, illa, illud以及hic, haec, hoc這樣的順序背誦，youtube有些背誦歌可以參考。

Ille, that, those

	SINGLE			PLURAL
N	Ille	Illa	Illud	Illi	Illae	Illa
G	Illius	Illius	Illius	Illorum	Illarum	Illorum
D	Illi	Illi	Illi	Illis	Illis	Illis
Ac	Illum	Illam	Illud	Illos	Illas	Illa
Ab	Illo	Illa	Illo	Illis	Illis	Illis

Hic, this, these

	SINGLE			PLURAL
N	Hic	Haec	Hoc	Hi	Hae	Haec
G	Huius	Huius	Huius	Horum	Harum	Horum
D	Huic	Huic	Huic	His	His	His
Ac	Hunc	Hanc	Hoc	Hos	Has	Haec
Ab	Hoc	Hac	Hoc	His	His	His

Iste, that (near you), that of yours

(follow the declension of ille)

	SINGLE			PLURAL
N G D Ac Ab	Iste Istius Isti Istum Isto	Ista Istius Isti Istam Ista	Istud Istius Isti Istud Isto	Isti Istorum Istis Istos Istis	Istae Istarum Istis Istas Istis	Ista Istorum Istis Ista Istis

上述這些字都可以用來指涉事物，好比說hic liber便指這本書，而ille liber說那本書(距離發話者較遠，或者是比較靠近談話對象)。Hic與ille有時可以等同於英文中的the former或是the latter。在某些狀況下，這幾個詞會比其他像是他的、你的、我的等等的指稱詞還要有力道，比方說hic rex就可能隱含有有名的意思，所以可以翻成this famous king；而iste則有時會有負面意涵，被翻譯做英文中的such，好比說iste tyrannus可以翻成that despicable tyrant。

在拉丁文中有九個比較特殊，以-ius結尾的形容詞：


U	Unus, -a, -um	One
N	Nullus, -a, -um	No, none
U	Ullus, -a, -um	Any
S	Solus, -a, um	Alone, only

N	Neuter, neutra, neutrum	Neither
A	Alius, -a, –ud	Another, other
U	Uter, utra, utrum	Either, which (of two)
T	Totus, -a, -um	Whole, entire
A	Alter, altera, alterum	The other (of two)

這九個形容詞可以用一個水手(UNUS NAUTA)來記，除了alius的中性是以-ud結尾外，其餘大致在主格時都遵守-us, -a, -um的規則，在不同格時的變化基本上也與ille, illius同，唯獨alius在修飾單數名詞時，三性之屬格已Alterius表現，而在中性的受格是以aliud方式呈現，而非-um。簡單用表格表示如下：

	Solus (Sg.)			Alius (Sg.)
N	Solus	Sola	Solum	Alius	Alia	Aliud
G	Solius	Solius	Solius	Alterius	Alterius	Alterius
D	Soli	Soli	Soli	Alii	Alii	Alii
Ac	Solum	Solam	Solum	Alium	Aliam	Aliud
Ab	Solo	Sola	Solo	Alio	Alia	Alio
PL.	Soli	Solae	Sola	Alii	Aliae	Alia

VOCABVLA

NUON
Locus, loci	m	Place, passage in literature
Loca, locorum	n	Places, region
Loci, locorum	m	Passage in literature
Morbus, morbi	m	Disease, sickness
Stadium, studii	n	Eagerness, zeal, pursuit, study
DEMONSTRATIVE
Hic, haec, hoc		This; the latter; at times weakened to he, she, it, they
Ille, illa, illud		That, the former; the famous; he, she, it, they
Iste, ista, istud		That of yours, that; such; sometimes with contemptuous force, e.g., that despicable, that wretched
ADJECTIVE
Alius, alia, aliud		Other, another; alii…alii, some…others
Alter, altera, alterum		The other (of two), second
Neuter, neutra, neutrum		Not either, neither
Nullus, nulla, nullum		Not any, no, none
Solus, sola, solum		Alone, only, the only; non solum…sed etiam, not only…but also
Totus, tota, totum		Whole, entire
Ullus, ulla, ullum		Any
Unus, una, unum		One, single, alone
Uter, utra, utrum		Either, which (of two)
OTHER
Enim	Conj.	For, in fact, truly
In	Prep.	+acc., into, toward; against
Nimis, nimium	Adv.	Too, too much, excessively

EXERCITATIONES

1. Hic tōtus liber litterās Rōmānās semper laudat.

This entire book always praises Roman literature.

先從動詞分析得知主格應該是單數名詞，而litteras Romanas從字尾得知為動詞作用對象，而剩下的hic totus liber為單數名詞主格形式。

2. Hī igitur illīs deābus herī grātiās agēbant.

These men, therefore, gave thanks to those goddesses yesterday.

從agebant得知時態為未完成式，主格為複數名詞，但illis deabus為與格，所以主格應為hi (viri)。

3. Illud dē vitiīs istīus rēgīnae nunc scrībam, et ista poenās dabit.

I shall now write that about the vices of that despicable queen, and that woman will pay the penalty.

4. Neuter alterī plēnam cōpiam pecūniae tum dabit.

Neither man will then give a full supply of money to the other.

從dabit知道主格是單數名詞，且時態為未來式。而plenam copiam為受格，pecuniae可能為複數的主格，但從動詞的字尾將此可能性刪除，故可能為屬格。而alteri從字尾得知是與格。

5. Potestne laus ūllīus terrae esse perpetua?

Can the glory of any land be perpetual?

6. Labor ūnīus numquam poterit hās cōpiās vincere.

The work of one man will be able to never overcome these troops.

7. Mōrēs istīus scrīptōris erant nimis malī.

The character of that writer was extremely evil.

8. Nūllī magistrī, tamen, sub istō vēra docēre audēbant.

Nevertheless, no teacher (Pl. in Lat.) dared to teach true things under that man.

Isto是陽性的離格，與vera分屬不同性，所以兩者是分開的意義單元，翻譯時須注意。

9. Valēbitne pāx in patriā nostrā post hanc victōriam?

Will peace be strong in our fatherland after this victory?

10. Dum illī ibi remanent, aliī nihil agunt, aliī discunt.

While those men remain there, some do nothing, others learn.

11. Cicero was writing about the glory of the other man and his wife.

Cicero de gloria alterius viri et uxoris scribebat.

12. The whole state was thanking this man’s brother alone.

Civitas tota fratri huius viri soli gratias agebat.

13. On account of that courage of yours those (men) will lead no troops into these places tomorrow.

Propter istam virtutem, illi non copias in haec loca cras ducent.

14. Will either book be able to overcome the faults of these times?

Poteritne uter liber vitia horum temporum vincere?

SENTENTIAE ANTIQUAE

1. Ubi illās nunc vidēre possum? (Terence.)

Where can I see those women now?

2. Hic illam virginem in mātrimōnium dūcet. (Terence. — mātrīmōnium, –iī, n., marrage)

This man will lead that virgin into marrage.

3. Huic cōnsiliō palmam dō. (Terence. –palma, –ae, f., palm branch of victory)

I give the palm branch to this decision.

4. Virtūtem enim illīus virī amāmus. (Cicero.)

We truly love the virtue of that man.

5. Sōlus hunc iuvāre potes. (Terence.)

You alone can help this man.

6. Poena istīus ūnīus hunc morbum cīvitātis relevābit sed perīculum semper remanēbit. (Cicero. –relevāre, to relieve, diminish)

The punishment of that one man will relieve this illness of the state, but the danger will always remain.

7. Hī enim dē exitiō huius cīvitātis et tōtīus orbis terrārum cōgitant. (Cicero. –orbis, orbis, m., cycle, orb; orbis terrarium, the world)

These men are truly thinking about the destruction of this state and the entire world.

8. Est nūllus locus utrī hominī in hāc terrā. (Martial.)

There is no place for either man in this land.

9. Nōn sōlum ēventus hoc docet — iste est magister stultōrum! — sed etiam ratiō. (Livy. — ēventus, outcome)

Not only does the outcome teach this – that man is the teacher of fools! – but also reason (does).

WHEN I HAVE… ENOUGH!

下面兩則短文都是關於「足夠」這件事情，短短的幾句話就把人的困境刻畫出來。

(Martial 12.10; meter: choliambic. — Africānus, –ī, a name– mīliēns, million –captāre, to hunt for legacies)

Habet Africānus mīliēns, tamen captat.

Fortūna multīs dat nimis, satis nūllī.

Africanus has million; nevertheless, he hunts for the legacies.

Fortune gives too much to many, enough for no one.

下面這則短文改編自Seneca的文章。Seneca是歷史上著名的暴君尼祿(Nero)的教師，他的著作多半要求人要追求道德、智慧等，但是他的學生似乎不為所動，最後為尼祿所令，自殺而亡。

這篇短文要求人不要有藉口，說自己因為沒有足夠的金錢而無暇追求哲學，要將自己獻身於智慧，而非金錢。有點諷刺的是，當代有些教導哲學的人，卻是教授如何以哲學賺大錢，哲學變成一種工具，而非目的。

(Seneca, Epistulae 17.5.)

–vīs, you wish –studēre, +dat., to be eager for, devote oneself to–frūgālitās, –tātis, f., recall that many. –paupertas, -tatis, f., small means, poverty. –voluntarius, -a, -um, =Eng. –tollere, to take away. –excusatio, onis, f., excuse. –nondum, adv., not yet. –totum, entire (but if translating it into English, entirely would be better). –incipe, begin!

Sī vīs studēre philosophiae animōque, hoc studium nōn potest valēre sine frūgālitāte.

If you wish to devote yourself to philosophy and the soul, this study can’t be strong without recalling many times.

Haec frūgālitās est paupertās voluntāria.

This repeation is a voluntary poverty.

Tolle, igitur, istās excūsātiōnēs: “Nōndum satis pecūniae habeō. Sī quandō illud ‘satis’ habēbō, tum mē tōtum philosophiae dabō.”

Therefore, take away those excuses: “I have no enough money. If ever I will have that enough, then I will give myself entirely to philosophy.”

Incipe nunc philosophiae, nōn pecūniae, studēre.

Begin, now, to devote yourself to philosophy, not pecuniae.

Teach yourself Latin VIII

CAPVT VIII

本章要介紹的是第三變化的動詞，其變化如下：

Present indicative Agere (lead) I lead	Future indicative Agere I will lead	Imperfect indicative Agere I was leading	Imperative active
Ag-o Ag-is Ag-it Agimus Agitis Agunt	Ag-am Ag-es Ag-et Agemus Agetis Agent	Ag-ebam Ag-ebas Ag-ebat Agebamus Agebatis Agebant	Age! (Sg.) Agite! (Pl.)

第三變化的動詞在字尾上的變化與先前介紹過的第一第二變化動詞略有不同，而且非常容易搞混。第三變化動詞在現在式時除了第一人稱單數動詞直接以-o結尾外，其餘變化相似於第一第二變化的未來式；但第三變化的動詞在未來式時，結尾又類同於第一第二變化的現在式。所以在判斷時務必要先從該動詞是屬於哪一個變化開始，然後才能知道此動詞的時態為何。

VOCABVLA

NOUN
Cicero, ciceronis	m	Cicero
Copia, copiae	f	Abundance, supply
Copiae, copiarum	f	Pl., supplies, troops, forces
Frater, fatris	m	Brother
Laus, laudis	f	Praise, glory, fame
Libertas, libertatis	f	Liberty
Ratio, rationis	f	Reckoning, account; reason, judgment
Scriptor, scriptoris	m	Writer, author
Soror, sororis	f	Sister
Victoria, victoriae	f	Victory
OTHER
dum	Conj.	While, as long as, at the same time that XXX, until
ex	Prep.	+abl., out, out of, from, from within; by reason of, on account of; following cardinal numbers, of
numquam	Adv.	never
tamen	Adv.	Nevertheless, still
VERB
Ago, agere, egi, actum		To drive, lead, do, act; pass, spend Gratias agere+dat., to give thanks to
Demonstro, demonstare, demonstravi, demostratum		To point out, show, demonstrate
Disco, discere, didici		To learn
Doceo, docere, docui, doctum		To teach
Duco, ducere, duxi, ductum		To lead; consider, regard; prolong
Gero, gerere, gessi, gestum		To carry, carry on, manage, conduct, wage, accomplish
Scribo, scribere, scripsi, scriptum		To write, compose
Traho, trahere, traxi, tractum		To draw, drag, derive, acquire
Vinco, vincere, vici, victum		To conauer, overcome

Exercitationes

1. Tempora nostra nunc sunt mala; vitia nostra, magna.

Our times are now bad; our vices are great.

2. Quārē soror mea uxōrī tuae litterās scrībit (scrībet, scrībēbat)?

Why does my sister write a letter to your wife?

3. Tyrannus populum stultum ē terrā vestrā dūcet (dūcit, dūcēbat).

The tyrant will lead the foolish people out of your land.

4. Ubi satis ratiōnis animōrumque in hominibus erit?

When will there be enough reason and courage in humans?

5. Cōpia vērae virtūtis multās culpās superāre poterat.

The abundance of true virtue was able to overcome many faults.

6. In līberā cīvitāte adulēscentiam agēbāmus.

We used to spend our youth in the free state.

7. Rēgem malum tolerāre numquam dēbēmus.

We should never tolerate a bad king.

8. Post parvam moram multa verba dē īnsidiīs scrīptōrum stultōrum scrībēmus.

After a little delay, we will write many words of the treachery of foolish writers.

9. The body will remain there under the ground.

Ibi corpus sub terra remanebit.

10. Write (sg. and pl.) many things about the glory of our state.

Scribe, scribite multa de gloria civitatis nostrae.

11. Does reason always lead your (pl) queen to virtue?

Agitne semper ration reginam vestram ad virtutem?

12. We shall always see many Greek names there.

Multa nomina Graeca ibi semper videbimus.

SENTENTIAE ANTIQUAE

1. Frāter meus vītam in ōtiō semper aget. (Terence.)

My brother will always spend his life in leisure.

2. Age, age! Iuvā mē! Dūc mē ad secundum fīlium meum. (Terence. — age, age=come on, get moving!)

Come, come! Help me! Lead me to my second son.

3. O amīcī, lībertātem perdimus. (Laberius. –perdere, to destory)

Oh friends, we are destroying liberty.

4. Nova perīcula populō Rōmānō expōnam sine morā. (Cicero. — expōnere, to set forth, expose)

I shall expose the new dangers for the Roman people without delay.

5. Numquam perīculum sine perīculō vincēmus. (Publilius Syrus.)

We shall never conquer danger without danger.

6. Ex meīs errōribus hominibus rēctum iter dēmōnstrāre possum. (Seneca. –error, errōris, m.=Eng.– rectus, -a, -um, right – iter, itineris, n., road, way)

From my errors, I can show the right way to people.

7. Catullus Mārcō Tulliō Cicerōnī magnās grātiās agit. (Catullus.

Catullus gives great thanks to Marcus Tullius Cicero.

8. Eximia fōrma virginis oculōs hominum convertit. (Livy. — eximius, -a, -um, extraordinary— convertere, to turn around, attract)

The extraordinary beauty of the maiden attracts people’s eyes.

9. Agamemnon magnās cōpiās ē terrā Graecā ad Trōiam dūcet, ubi multōs virōs necābit. (Cicero. — Agamemnon, -nonis)

Agamemnon will lead the great troops from the Greek land to Troy, where he will kill many men.

10. Amor laudis hominēs trahit. (Cicero.)

Love of praise draws men.

11. Auctōrēs pācis Caesar cōnservābit. (Cicero. — auctor, -tōris, m., author)

Caesar will protect authors of peace.

12. Inter multās cūrās labōrēsque carmina scrībere nōn possum. (Horace. — inter prep+ acc., among)

Among many worries and labors, I cannot write poems.

13. Dum in magnā urbe dēclāmās, mī amīce, scrīptōrem trōiāni bellī in ōtiō relegō. — Trōiānus -a -um. ( -urbs, Urbis, f. city. –declamare, to declaim. –Troianus, -a, -um. – relegere, to re-read)

While you, my friend, declaim in a large city, I reread the writer of the Trojan war in my leisure.

14. Nōn vītae, sed scholae, discimus. (*Seneca. — vītae and scholae, dat., expressing purpose)

We learn not for life, but for school.

15. Hominēs, dum docent, discunt. (*Seneca.)

While men teach, they learn.

16. Ratiō mē dūcet, nōn fortūna. (Livy.)

Reason will lead me, not fortune.

CICERO ON THE ETHICS OF WAGING WAR

Cicero. Dē Officiīs 1.11.34-36 and Dē Pūblicā 3.23.34-35, and see L.A. 7 for a fuller adaptation.

–causa, -ae, f., cause– dēfendere, =Eng. –aut, conj., or. –autem, conj., however–necessaries, -a, –um, necessary –clēmentia, –ae, mildness, gentleness, mercy)

Cīvitās bellum sine causā bonā aut propter īram gerere nōn dēbet.

A state should not wage war without good cause or because of anger.

Sī fortūnās et agrōs vītāsque populī nostrī sine bellō dēfendere poterimus, tum pācem cōnservāre dēbēbimus;

If we will be able to defend the fortunes, fields, and lifes of our people, then we (will) should preserve peace.

sī, autem, nōn poterimus servāre pātriam lībertātemque nostram sine bellō, bellum erit necessārium.

If, however, we will not be able to save our fatherland and liberties withour war, a war will be necessary.

Semper dēbēmus dēmōnstrāre, tamen, magnum officium in bellō, et magnam clēmentiam post victōriam.

We should always demonstrate, nevertheless, great duty in war, and great mercy after victory.

Teach yourself Latin VII

CAPVT VII

本章介紹名詞的第三變化。此變化含有陽性、陰性、中性名詞，其變化如下：

Rex, m, king Reg-		Virtus, f, merit Virtut-	Reges, m, kings Reg-	Virtutes, f, merits Virtut-
N G D Ac Ab Vo	Reg Regis Regi Regem Rege Rex	Virtus Virtutis Virtuti Virtutem Virtute Virtus	Reges Regum Regibus Reges Regibus Reges	Virtutes Virtutum Virtutibus Virtutes Virtutibus Virtutes
Homo, m, man Homin-		Corpus, n , body Corpor-	Homines, m, men Homin-	Corpora, n, body Corpor-
N G D Ac Ab Vo	Homo Hominis Homini Hominem Homine Homo	Corpus Corporis Corpori Corpus Corpore Corpus	Homines Hominum Hominibus Homines Hominibus Homines	Corpora Corporum Corporibus Corpora Corporibus Corpora

在第三變化中，陽性名詞如rex、homo變化的字根都與其主格有別，必須特別注意。而Corpus以-us結尾，可以透過其屬格corporis確認其為第三變化的中性名詞，而非第二變化的陽性名詞。在第三變化中，中性名詞在變化時略與其他性有所不同，其於單數受格時與主格同形，複數時主格與受格皆以-a為結尾。

Vocabula

NOUN
Amor, amoris	m	Love
Carmen, carminis	f	Song, poem
Civitas, civitatis	f	State, citizenship
Corpus,corporis	n	Body
Homo, hominis	m	Man, human being
Labor, laboris	m	Labor, work, toil; awork, production
Littera, litterae	f	A letter of the alphabet
Litterae,litterarum	f	Pl., a letter (epistle), literature
Mos,moris	m	Habit, custom, manner
Mores, morum	m	Pl., habits, morals, character[1]
Nomen, nominis	n	Name
Pax, pacis	f	Peace
Regina, reginae	f	Queen
Rex, regis	m	King
Tempus, temporis	n	Time; occasion, opportunity
Terra, terrae	f	Earth, ground, land, country
Uxor, uxoris	f	Wife
Virgo, virtutis	f	Maiden, virgin
Virtus, virtutis	f	Manliness, courage; excellence, character, worth, virtue
ADJECTIVE
Novus, nova, novum		new
OTHER
post	Prep.	+acc, after, behind
sub	Prep.	+acc., with verbs of motion, +abl., with verbs of rest, under, up under, close to ; down to/into, to/at the foot of
VERB
Audio, audere, ausus sum		To dare
Neco, necare, necavi, necatum		To murder, kill

Exercitationes

1. Secundās litterās discipulae herī vidēbās et de verbīs tum cōgitābās.

You saw the student’s second letter yesterday and then thought about the words.

注意，此處的litteras是複數形，如果是做字母，那第二個字母也應該是單數而不是複數，應該翻成letter。

2. Fēminae sine morā cīvitātem dē īnsidiīs et exitiō malō monēbunt.

The women will warn the state about the ambush and evil destruction without delay.

3. Rēx et rēgīnā igitur crās nōn audēbunt ibi remanēre.

The king and queen, therefore, will not dare remain there tomorrow.

4. Mōrēs graecōrum nōn erant sine culpīs vitiīsque.

The Greeks’ character was not without faults and vices.

翻譯時要注意Mores的意思跟mos不盡相同。

5. Quandō hominēs satis virtūtis habēbunt?

When will men have enough virtue?

6. Corpora vestra sunt sāna et animī sunt plēnī sapientiae.

Your bodies are sound and your minds are full of wisdom.

7. Propter mōrēs hūmānōs pācem vēram nōn habēbimus.

Because of human character we will not have true peace.

8. Poteritne cīvitās perīcula temporum nostrōrum superāre?

Will the state be able to overcome the dangers of our times?

9. Post bellum multōs librōs dē pāce et remediīs bellī vidēbant.

After war, they used to see many books about peace and the remedies of war.

10. Officia sapientiamque oculīs animī possumus vidēre.

We can see duties and wisdom by the eyes of the spirit.

Oculis animi是靈魂之眼的意思，類同於我們說靈魂之窗是眼睛。而這邊的oculis是ablative case，是by such and such的意思。

11. Without sound character we cannot have peace.

Sine moribus sanis pacem habere non possumus.

12. Many students used to have small time for Greek literature.

Multi discipuli parvum tempus litteris Graecis habebant.

13. After bad times true virtue and much labor will help the state.

Post tempora mala virtus vera et labor multus civitatem adiuvabunt.

14. The daughters of your friends were dining there yesterday.

Ibi filiae amicorum vestrorum heri cenabant.

SENTENTIAE ANTIQUAE

1. Homō sum. (*Terence.)

I am a man.

2. Nihil sub sōle novum (*Ecclesiastes. –sōl, sōlis, m, sun – novum: sc. est.)

Nothing beneath the sun is new.

3. Carmina nova dē adulēscentiā virginibus puerīsque nunc cantō. (Horace. –cantāre, to sing)

I now sing new songs about youth for maidens and boys.

4. Laudās fortūnam et mōrēs antīquae plēbis. (*Horace. –plēbs, plēbis, f, the common people)

You praise the fortune and character of the ancient people.

這邊的plebis是英文的plebe的來源，但是這個詞彙在現在已經有負面意涵，像是低下的群眾等義，所以這邊還是翻成people比較好，畢竟是稱頌plebis。

5. Bonī propter amōrem virtūtis peccāre ōdērunt. (Horace. –peccāre, to sin –ōdērunt, to hate)

Because of love of virtue, good men will hate to sin.

6. Sub prīncipe dūrō temporibusque malīs audēs esse bonus. (Martial. –prīnceps –cipis, m, chief, prince；dūrus, -a, –um, hard, harsh)

Under a harsh chief and bad times, you dare to be good.

7. Populus stultus virīs indignīs honōrēs saepe dat. (Horace. –honor, -nōris, m, honour, office–indignus, -a, –um, unworthy)

Foolish people often give honour to unworthy men.

8. Nōmina stultōrum in parietibus et portīs semper vidēmus. (Cicero. — pariēs –etis, m, wall of building)

We always see names of fools on the walls and gates of buildings.

9. ōtium sine litterīs mors est. (*Seneca. –mors, mortis, f, death)

Leisure without literature is death.

10. Multae nātiōnēs servitūtem tolerāre possunt; nostra cīvitās nōn potest. Praeclāra est recuperātiō lībertātis. (Cicero. –nation, –ōnis, nation–servitūs, –tūtis, servitude–praeclārus, -a, –um, noble, remarkable–recuperation, –ōnis, recovery –lībertās –tātis, freedom)

Many nations can tolerate slavery; our state cannot. The recovery of liberty is remarkable.

11. Nihil sine magnō labōre vīta mortālibus dat. (Horace. –mortālis, –tālis, a mortal)

Life gives nothing to mortals without great effort.

12. Quōmodo in perpetuā pāce salvī et līberī esse poterimus? (Cicero. –quōmodo, how)

How will we be able to be safe and free in perpetual peace?

13. Glōria in altissimīs Deō et in terrā pāx hominibus bonae voluntātis. (*Luke. –altissimus abl., pl, the highest –voluntās, –tātis, will)

Glory to God in the highest and peace to men of good will on earth.

THE RAPE OF LUCRETIA

Rapuit, raped. –se, herself.—necavit, a past form of to kill.—Tarquinios, the entire royal family (Livy 1.58)

Tarquinius Superbus erat rēx Rōmānōrum, et Sextus Tarquinius erat fīlius malus tyrannī.

Tarquinius Superbus was the king of Rome, and Sextus Tarquinius was the evil son of the tyrant.

Sextus Lucrētiam, uxōrem Collātīnī, rapuit, et fēmina bona, propter magnum amōrem virtūtis, sē necāvit.

Sextus Lucrētiam raped the wife of Collatinus, and the good female, because of great love of virtue, she killed herself.

Rōmānī antīquī virtūtem animōsque Lucrētiae semper laudābant et Tarquiniōs culpābant.

Ancient Roman men always preaised virtues and courages of Lucretiae and blamed Tarquinios.

CATULLUS DEDICATES HIS POETRY BOOK

Catullus 1, prose adaptation; see L.I. 1. Catullus dedicated his first book of poems to the historian and biographer Cornelius Nepos. — doctus, -a, -um, learned, schoolarly

Cornēliō, virō magnae sapientiae, dabō pulchrum librum novum.

I give Cornelius, a man of great wisdom, a new pretty book.

Cornēlī, mī amīce, librōs meōs semper laudābās, et es magister doctus litterārum!

Cornelius, my friend, you always praised my books, and you are a learned master of literature!

Quārē habē novum labōrem meum: fāma librī (et tua fāma) erit perpetua.

Therefore, have my new book: the reputation of book (and your reputation) will be perpetual.

[1] Morse的意義與單數形的mos有所不同。其中，Mores雖然為複數形但具有英文的character之意。在Golden Age時期，並沒有morals跟character之意。

Teach yourself Latin VI

CAPVT VI

Sum and Possum

本章除了介紹sum的未來式(future indicative)以及未完成式(imperfect indicative)外，還介紹可以、能夠等表述行為能力的動詞possum(to be able, to be capable)。

Future Indicative (sumàero)		Imperfect Indicative (sumàeram)
Ero Eris Erit Erimus Eritis Erunt	I shall/will be You will He/she/it will We will You will They will	Eram Eras Erat Eramus Eratis Erant	I was You were He/she/it was We were You were They were

基本上，除了第一人稱單數以外，這些變化大部分都遵守先前所提及的人稱字尾變化，像是erimus跟eramus都一樣保有mus結尾。這點在下面要介紹的能力動詞依舊遵守。事實上，描述能力的動詞不過就是在上述的future indicative、 imperfect indicative以及前幾章中所提到的present indicative前面加上pos或是pot來表達未來可以、過去可以或是現在可以。加上pos或是pot基本上是為了好發音，所以像sum以s開頭，就加上pos-sum。很簡單吧！

Present indicative I am able, can	Future indicative I will/shall abe able, can	Imperfect indicative I was able, could
Pos-sum Pot-es Pot-est Pos-sumus Pot-estis Pos-sunt	Pot-ero Pot-eris Pot-erit Pot-erimus Pot-eritis Pot-erunt	Pot-eram Pot-eras Pot-erat Pot-eramus Pot-eratis Pot-erant

上述又稱之為complemetary infinitive，因為就像是英文中的to be able，只說possum並不是一個完整的不定式，還需要有其他的不定動詞來補充他。好比說我們先前看過的debere(should, ought, must)，他也需要與其他不定動詞搭配。參考下面幾個例子或許會更容易了解一點：

Amici nostri poterant superare multa pericula.

Our friends can conquer many dangers.

Amicus meus remanere non potest.

My friend cannot remain.

Debes conservare pecuiam tuam.

You should save your money.

要注意的是，complementary infinitive跟他依附的動詞所作用的對象相同。

Vocabula

NOUN
Deus, -i[1]	m	Voc. Sg., deus, Nom. Pl., di, dat., and abl.,dis( the plurals dei and deis became common during Augustan Period) Dea, deae, f, dat. and abl., pl., deabus, godess
Discipulus, discipuli	m	Learner, pupil, student Discipula, discipulae, f
Insidiae, insidiarum[2]	f	Pl., ambush, plot, treachery
Liber, libri	m	Book
Tyrannus, tyranni	m	Absolute ruler, tyrant
Vitium, vitii	n	Fault, crime, vice
ADJECTIVE
Greacus, -a, -um		Greek
Perpetuus, -a, -um		Perpetual, lasting, uninterrupted
Plenus, -a, -um		Full, abundant, generous
Salvus, -a, um		Safe, sound
Secundus, -a, -um		Second; favourable
Vester, vestra, vestrum		Your, yours pl.
OTHER
-que	Conj.	And (attached to the second of two words to be joined)
Ubi	Adv. Conj.	Where, when; interrogative, where?
Ibi	Adv.	There
Nunc	Adv.	Now
Quare	Adv.	Because of which thing (qua re); more commonly, therefore
VERB
Possum, posse, potui		To be able, can, could, have power
Tolero, tolerare, toleravi, toleratum		To bear, endure

Exercitationes

1. Oculī nostrī nōn valēbant; quārē agrōs bellōs vidēre nōn poterāmus.

Our eyes were not strong; therefore, we used to not be able to see the pretty fields.

2. Sine multā pecūniā et multīs dōnīs tyrannus satiāre populum Rōmānum nōn poterit.

Without much money and many gifts, the tyrant will not be able to satisfy the Roman people.

3. Nōn poterant, igitur, tē dē poenā amīcōrum tuōrum herī monēre.

Therefore, they were not able to warn you about the penalty of your friends yesterday.

4. Parvus numerus Graecōrum crās ibi remanēre poterit.

A small number of the Greeks will be able to stay there tomorrow.

5. Magister puerōs malōs sine morā vocābit.

The teacher will call the bad boys without delay.

6. Fīliae vestrae dē librīs magnī poētae saepe cōgitābant.

Your daughters often thought about the books of great poets.

7. Quandō satis sapientiae habēbimus?

When will we have enough wisdom?

8. Multī librī antīquī propter sapientiam cōnsiliumque erant magnī.

Because of wisdom and advice, many ancient books were great.

9. Glōria bonōrum librōrum semper manēbit.

The glory of good books will always remain.

10. Possuntne pecūnia ōtiumque cūrās vītae hūmānae superāre?

Can money and leisure conquer the anxiety of human life?

11. Therefore, we cannot always see the real vices of a tyrant.

Vera, igitur, vitia tyranni non semper possumus videre.

12. Few free men will be able to tolerate an absolute ruler.

Pauci liberi tyrannum tolerare poterunt.

13. Many Romans used to praise the great books of the ancient Greeks.

Multi Romani magnos libros Graecorum antiquorum laudabant.

14. Where can glory and (use -que) fame be perpetual?

Ubi possunt gloria famaque esse perpetuae?

SENTENTIAE ANTIQUAE

1. Dionysius tum erat tyrannus Syracūsānōrum. (Cicero.– Dionysius, -iī, m—a Greek name. –Syrācūsānus, –ī, a syracusan.)

Dionysius was, at that time, the tyrant of the Syracusans.

2. Optāsne meam vītam fortūnamque gustāre? (Cicero. — optāre, to wish– gustāre, to taste)

Do you wish to taste my life and fortune?

3. Possumusne, O dī, in malīs īnsidiīs et magnō exitiō esse salvī? (Cicero.)

Can we be safe, O gods, in evil treachery and great destruction?

4. Propter cūram meam in perpetuō perīculō nōn eritis. (Cicero.)

Because of my attention, you will not be in continuous danger.

5. Propter vitia tua multī tē culpant et nihil tē in patriā tuā dēlectāre nunc potest. (Cicero. — dēlectāre, to delight)

Because of your vices, many men blame you and nothing can delight you now in your country now.

6. Fortūna Pūnicī bellī secundī varia erat. (Livy. — Pūnicus, -a, –um, Punic, Carthaginian. — varius, -a, –um, varied)

The fortune of the second Punic war was varied.

7. Patria Rōmānōrum erat plēna Graecōrum librōrum statuārumque pulchrārum. (Cicero. — statua –ae, f, statue)

The fatherland of the Romans was full of Greek books and pretty statues.

8. Sine dīs et deābus in caelō animus nōn potest sānus esse. (Seneca.)

Without the gods and goddesses in the sky, the soul cannot be sound.

9. Sī animus īnfīrmus est, nōn poterit bonam fortūnam tolerāre. (Publilius Syrus. –īnfīrmus, -a, –um, not strong, weak)

If the spirit is weak, it will not be able to tolerate good fortune.

10. Ubi lēgēs valent, ibi populus līber potest valēre. (Publilius Syrus. –lēgēs, pl., laws)

Where the laws are strong, the free people there can be strong.

雖然在英文通常都是用單數的law來談，但是羅馬人習慣用複數的leges來說法律，這點在翻譯時需要注意。

“I DO NOT LOVE THEE, DOCTOR FELL”

這則短文有個很有趣的故事：有個牛津大學的學生Tom Brown被Dr. John Fell威脅要開除他。Dr. Fell告訴Tom，如果他能夠翻譯這則短文，那就開除他。這就是這則短文被稱之為《我不愛您，Dr. Fell》的原因。

(*Martial 1.32; meter: elegiac couplet. amo: the -ō ending often shortened in Latin poetry.–Sabidius, -iī the name of Martial’s perhaps fictious target. –nec=et nōn. — dīcere, say– hoc, acc., this– tantum, adv., only)

Nōn amo tē, Sabidī, nec possum dīcere quārē.

I do not love you, Sabidi, and I cannot say why.

Hoc tantum possum dīcere: nōn amo tē.

This only, I can say: I do not love you

THE HISTORIAN LIVY LAMENTS THE DECLINE OF ROMAN MORALS

這則短文是改編自李維(Livy)的《羅馬建城紀年》(Ab Urbe Condita)中的一小段文字。

Nec…nec…, conj., neither…nor.

Populus Rōmānus magnōs animōs et paucās culpās habēbat.

Roman people used to have great souls and little faults.

Dē officiīs nostrīs cōgitābāmus et glōriam bellī semper laudābāmus.

We used to think about our duty and always praised the glory of war.

Sed nunc multum ōtium habēmus, et multī sunt avārī. Nec vitia nostra nec remedia tolerāre possumus.

But now we have much leisure, and many men are greedy. Neither other vices nor remedy can we tolerate.

[1] Little chart for memorising:

	God, Sg.	God, Pl.	Pl. After Augustus	Godess, Sg.	Godess, Pl.
N G D Ac Ab Voc	Deus Dei Deo Deum Deo Deus	Di Diorum Dis Dias Dis Di	Dei Deis	Dea Deae Deae Deam Dea Dea	Deae Dearum Deabus Deas Deabus Deae

[2] 雖然insidiae是複數形式，但是其意義是單數的ambush等，在翻譯時要注意。

Teach yourself Latin V

CAPVT V

前面四章我們都只學到現在式，在第五章Wheelock’s latin開始介紹未來式(future)以及未完成式(imperfect)。以第一章時所提過的laudare以及monere為例，其在未來式的變化如下：

Laudabo

Laudabis

Laudabit

Laudabimus

Laudabitis

Laudabunt

I will/shall praise

You will praise

He/she/it will praise

We will praise

You will praise

They will praise

Monebo

Monebis

Monebit

Monebimus

Monebitis

Monebunt

I will/shall warn/advise

You will warn/advise

He/she/it warn/advise

We will warn/advise

You will warn/advise

They will warn/advise

注意到了嗎？拉丁文表達未來式的方式是在字尾中分別加上bo/bi/bi/bi/bi/bu於其中，並且維持最後面的人稱的標示。

而未完成式(imperfect)也以類似的方式表現，但是是以ba插入：

Laudabam

Laudabas

Laudabat

Laudabamus

Laudabatis

Laudabant

I was/kept praising

You was/kept praise

He/she/it was/kept praise

We was/kept praise

You was/kept praise

They was/kept praise

Monebam

Monebas

Monebat

Monebamus

Monebatis

Monebant

I was/kept warn/advise

You was/kept warn/advise

He/she/it was/kept warn/advise

We was/kept warn/advise

You was/kept warn/advise

They was/kept warn/advise

所以其實看到laudabam時我們可以拆解成lauda-ba-m (praise-was-I)。

在翻譯時，未來式就只要加上will就可以，但是未完成式的翻譯就比較複雜。因為未完成式表示該動作可能在過去那段時間式持續或者一直進展，所以用這樣的形式表達的動詞其實可能表示該動作是(1)were going on, (2)repeated, (3)habitual, (4)attempted, (5)just beinging。所以Nautam monebam可以翻譯成：

I was warning the sailor.

I kept warning the sailor.

I tried to warn the sailor.

I was beginning to warn the sailor.

有的時候，拉丁文的imperfect tense也可以翻成英文中的simple past tense，尤其是有副詞去指陳該動詞的持續性時，好比說以下兩個例子：

Nautam saepe monebam.

I often warned the sailor.

Magister puellas semper laudabat.

The teacher always praise the girls.

但基本上，要怎麼翻譯還是要看上下文，只是現階段都是以單一句字來練習翻譯，所以可以有很多種可能性。

ADJECTIVE

在前面四章我們所看到的形容詞都是以-us, -a, -um方式結尾，但事實上有一些形容詞在陽性時是以-er結尾，他的變化有點像是第二章所介紹的puer與ager，與一般-us結尾者不同：

Liber (free)				Pulcher (beautiful)
M		F	N	M	F	N
liber		libera	liberum	pulcher	pulchra	pulchrum
N G D	Liber Liberi Libero	Libera Liberae Liberae	Liberrum Liberi Libero	Pulcher Pulchri Pulchro	Pulchra Pulchrae Pulchrae	Pulchrum Pulchri Pulchro

Vocabula

NOUN
Adulēscentia, -ae	f	Youth, young manhood; youthfulness
Animus, i	m	Soul, spirit, mind; animi, anumorum, high spirits
Caelum, i	n	Sky, heaven
Culpa, -ae	f	Fault, blame
Gloria, -ae	f	Glory, fame
Verbum, -i	n	word
Te		Abl. & acc.,you; yourself
ADJECT
Liber, libera, liberum		free
Pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum		Beautiful, handsome; fine
Noster, nostra, nostrum		our
Sanus, sana, sanum		Sound, healthy, sane
OTHER
Igitur	Conj.	Therefore, consequently (can’t be the first word)
-ne		Attached to the first word, typically a verb or another word on which the question hinges, to introduce a question whose answer is uncertain
propter	Prep.	+acc., on account of, because of
Cras	Adv.	Yesterday
Heri	Adv.	Today
Quando		When; si quando, if ever
Satis	Indecl. Noun, Adj, Adv,	Enough, sufficient
Tum	Adv.	Then, at that time; thereupon, in the next place
VERB
Ceno, cenare, cenavi, cenatum		To dine
Culpo, culpare, culavi, culatum		To blame, censure
Maneo, manere, mansi, mansum		To remain, stay, stay behind, abide, continue (stronger form: remanere)
Supero, superare, superavi, superatum		To be above, have the upper hand; surpasee; overcome, conquer

Exercitationes

1. Officium līberōs virōs semper vocābat.

Duty always called free men.

Officium以-um結尾，為此句主格，而liberos viros以-os結尾，為此句受格。

2. Habēbimusne multōs virōs et fēminās magnōrum animōrum?

Will we have many men and women of great courage?

Habebimusne可拆解為habe+bi+mus+ne(have+will+we+?)

3. Perīcula bellī nōn sunt parva, sed patria tua tē vocābit et agricolae adiuvābunt.

The dangers of war are not small, but your fatherland will call you and the farmers will help.

如果是美麗的危險，那會是pericula bella，但在本句是belli，因此我們知道應該翻做the dangers of war。最後的adiuvabunt是第三人稱複數型，用bu+nt。

4. Propter culpās malōrum patria nostra nōn valēbit.

Because of the evil men’s faults, our country will not be strong.

本句中的malorum是修飾複數中性名詞的形容詞mala的屬格，但是其作為形容詞要修飾的名詞在拉丁文中被藏了起來，我們合理的推測這應該是被藏住的名詞為virorum，所以在翻譯為英文時要將其翻譯出來。

5. Mora animōs nostrōs superābat et remedium nōn habēbāmus.

The delay was conquering our spirits and we did not possess the cure.

6. Multī in agrīs herī manēbant et Rōmānōs iuvābant.

Many men stayed in the fields yesterday and were helping the Roman people.

在一次，這邊的multi和romanos都是形容詞但所修飾的名詞卻不見於拉丁文句中，所以翻譯時仍需補上何於文意的名詞。

7. Paucī virī dē cūrā animī cōgitābant.

Few men used to think about the care of the spirit.

8. Propter īram in culpā estis et crās poenās dabitis.

Because of anger, you are in blame and tomorrow you will pay the penalty.

9. Vērum ōtium nōn habēs, vir stulte!

You do not have true peace, foolish man!

注意，stultus是屬於-us結尾的第二變化陽性單數名詞，其vocative case結尾應為-e。

10. Nihil est sine culpā; sumus bonī, sī paucās habēmus.

Nothing is without fault; we are good if we have few [faults].

11. Poēta amīcae multās rosās dōna pulchra, et bāsia dabat.

The poet used to give his female friend many roses, fine gifts, and kisses.

12. Will war and destruction always remain in our land?

Manebuntne semper bellum et exitium in terra nostra?

13. Does money satisfy the greedy man?

Satiatne pecunia virum avarum ?

14. Therefore, you (sg.) will save the reputation of our foolish boys.

Famam igitur nostrorum puerorum stultorum servabis.

注意，igitur不能出現在句首，所以通常都出現在句子中的第二位。

15. Money and glory were conquering the soul of a good man.

Pecunia et gloria animum viri boni superabant.

SENTENTIAE ANTIQUAE

1. Invidiam populī Rōmānī crās nōn sustinēbis. (Cicero. — invidia –ae, dislike–sustinēre, endure, sustain)

You will not endure the Roman people’s dislike tomorrow.

2. Perīculumne igitur herī remanēbat? (Cicero)

Therefore, did the danger remain yesterday?

3. Angustus animus pecūniam amat. (Cicero. — angustus -a –um, narrow)

A narrow mind loves money.

4. Superā animōs et īram tuam. (Ovid.)

Overcome your pride and your anger.

這邊的animos是複數受格的animus，animi有high spirits的意思，所以可以翻譯做pride。

5. Culpa est mea, O amīcī. (Cicero)

The fault is mine, O friends.

6. Dā veniam fīliō et fīliābus nostrīs. (Terence. –venia -ae, favour, pardon)

Give our son and daughters a favour.

7. Propter adulēscentiam, fīliī meī, mala vītae nōn vidēbātis. (Terence)

Because of youthfulness, my sons, you did not see the bad things of life.

8. Amābō tē, cūrā fīliam meam. (Cicero. — curare, take care of )

Please, take care of my daughter.

9. Vīta hūmāna est supplicium. (Seneca. –supplicium –iī, punishment)

Human life is a punishment.

10. Satisne sānus es? (Terence.)

Are you sane enough?

11. Sī quandō satis pecūniae habēbō, tum mē cōnsiliō et philosophiae dabō. (Seneca. — pecūniae, gen)

If ever I will have enough money, at that time I shall give myself to wisdom and philosophy.

12. Semper glōria et fāma tua manēbunt. (Virgil.)

Your glory and fame will always remain.

13. Vir bonus et perītus aspera verba poētārum culpābit. (Horace. — perītus -a –um, skilful. –asper, -a, -um, rough, harsh)

The good and skilful man will blame the harsh words of the poets

HIS ONLY GUEST WAS A REAL BOAR!

這Martial所做的雙關小品，很有趣！

(Martial 7.59. Epigrams — aper, aprī, m, boar, pig. –convīva –ae, m, dinner guest)

Nōn cēnat sine aprō noster, Tite, Caeciliānus:

Titus, our Caecilianus does not dine without a boar:

bellum convīvam Caeciliānus habet!

Caecilianus has a pretty dinner-guest!

THERMOPYLAE: SOLDIER’S HUMOR

exercitus , army– Persicus, –ī, a Persian.– inquit, says.– sagittal, -ae , f, arrow– Lacedaemonius –ī, m, a Spartan.– respondēre, respond.– umbra, -ae, f, shadow, shade; ghost.– pugnāre, to fight.— rēx, king.—exclāmāre, to shout– cum +abl., with.– apud+ acc., among. –inferi, inferorum, m, those below, the dead. — fortasse, adv., perhaps.

“Exercitus noster est magnus,” Persicus inquit,

“Our army is great,” a Persian says,

“et propter numerum sagittārum nostrārum caelum nōn vidēbitis!”

“And because of the number of our arrows, you will not see the sky!”

Tum Lacedaemonius respondet: “In umbrā, igitur, pugnābimus!”

Then a Spartan responds: „“In the shadow, therefore, we will fight!”

Et Leōnidās, rēx Lacedaemoniōrum, exclāmat: “Pugnāte cum animīs, Lacedaemoniī; hodiē apud inferos fortasse cēnābimus!”

And Leonidas, the king of Sparta, shouts: “Fight with high spirits, Spartans; perhaps today we will dine among the dead!”

Teach yourself Latin IV

CAPVT IV

本章介紹第二變化中的中性名詞變化，其變化規則如下：

Donum (gift)		Consilium (plan)	Dona (gifts)	Consilia (plans)
N G D Ac Ab Vo	Donum Doni Dono Donum Dono Donum	Consilium Consilii Consilio Consilium Consilio Consilium	Dona Donorum Donis Dona Donis Dona	Consilia Consiliorum Consilis Consilia Consilis Consilia

如同在英文中，to be是屬於不規則變化，在拉丁文中扮演相同角色的esse也是不規則變化，其在不同人稱下的現在不定式表現如下：

Esse—to be

Sum

Est

I am

You are

He/she/it is

Sumus

Estis

Sunt

We are

You are

They are, there are

所以當我們想要說我是個詩人時，就可以說Poeta sum。而甚麼是甚麼其實表示了兩者處於相同位階，所以說一個女孩漂亮時，後面的漂亮應該是修飾女孩，故字尾變化要相同：Puella est bella。

Vocabula

NOUN
Bāsium, basii	n	kiss
Bellum, belli	n	War
Consilium, consilii	n	Plan, purpose, counsel, advice, judgment, wisdom
Cura, curae	f	Care, attention, caution, anxiety
Donum, doni	n	Gift, present
Exitum, exitii	n	Destruction, ruin
Magister, magistri	m	Schoolmaster
Magistra, magistrae	f	Schoolmistress
Mora, morae	f	Delay
Nihil[1]	n	Nothing
Oculus, oculi	m	Eye
Officium, officii	n	Duty, service
Otium, otii	n	Leisure, peace
Periculum, periculi	n	Danger, risk
Remedium, remedii	n	Cure, remedy
ADJECTIVE
Bellus, -a, -um		Pretty, handsome, charming
Bonus, -a, -um		Good, kind
Humanus, -a, -um		Pertaining to man, human; humane, kind; refined
Malus, -a, -um		Bad, wicked, evil
Parvus, -a, -um		Small, little
Stultus, -a, -um		Foolish; stultus, stulti, m, a fool
Verus, -a, -um		True, real, proper
VERB
Iuvo, iuvare, iuvi, iutum		To help, aid, assist; please
Sum, esse, fui, futurum		To be, exist

Exercitationes

1. Otium est bonum, sed ōtium multōrum est parvum.

Peace is good, but peace of many people is little.

2. Bella sunt mala et multa perīcula habent.

Wars are bad and have many dangers.

要注意這邊的Bella並不是漂亮的之意，我們可以從sunt mala判斷出其應該為戰爭之複數。

3. Officium nautam dē ōtiō hodiē vocat.

Duty calls the sailor from leisure today.

4. Paucī virī avārī multās fōrmās perīculī in pecūniā vident.

Few greedy men see many forms of danger in money.

5. Sī multam pecūniam habētis, saepe nōn estis sine cūrīs.

If you have much money, you are often not without anxiety.

6. Puellae magistram dē cōnsiliō malō sine morā moment.

The girls warn the teacher about the evil plan without delay.

7. O magne poēta, sumus vērī amīcī; mē iuvā, amābō tē!

O great poet, we are true friends; help me, please!

8. Fēmina agricolae portām videt.

The wife of the farmer sees the gate.

9. You (sg.) are in great danger.

In magno periculo es.

10. My son’s opinions are often foolish.

Sententiae mei filii saepe sunt stultae.

11. The daughters and sons of great men and women are not always great.

Filiae et filii virorum feminarumque magnarum non semper sunt magni.

這邊的翻譯可以用A Bque來取代A et B，這樣翻的話比較有變化。

12. Without wisdom the sailors’ good fortune is nothing and they are paying the penalty.

Sine sapinetia bona fortuna nautarum est nihil et poenas dant.

SENTENTIAE ANTIQUAE

1. Fortūna est caeca. (*Cicero. –caecus -a –um, blind)

Fortune is blind.

2. Sī perīcula sunt vēra, īnfortūnātus es. (Terence. –īnfortūnātus -a –um, unfortunate )

If the dangers are real, you are unfortunate.

3. Salvē, O amīce; vir bonus es. (Terence.)

Hello, O friend; you are a good man.

4. Nōn bella est fāma fīliī tuī. (Horace.)

The reputation of your son is not good.

5. Errāre est hūmānum. (Seneca. )

To err is human.

6. Nihil est omnīnō beātum. (Horace — omnīnō, adv., wholly. — beātus -a –um, happy, fortunate)

Nothing is wholly fortunate.

7. Remedium īrae est mora. (Seneca.)

The cure of anger is delay.

8. Bonus Daphnis, amīcus meus, ōtium et vītam agricolae amat. (Virgil.)

Good Daphnis, my friend, loves peace and the life of the farmer.

9. Magistrī parvīs puerīs crūstula et dōna saepe dant. (Horace. — crūstulum –ī, cookie)

Teachers often give cookies and gifts to little boy.

10. Amīcam meam magis quam oculōs meōs amō. (Terence. –magis quam, more than)

I love my friend more than my eyes.

羅馬人常以自己的眼睛做此論述，由此可窺見其文化風俗的一角。

11. Salvē, mea bella puella — dā mihi multa bāsia, amābō tē! (Catullus. –mihi, dat., to me)

Hello, my pretty girl – give many kisses to me, please!

12. Infīnītus est numerus stultōrum. (Ecclesiastes. –īnfīnītus -a –um, infinite)

The number of fools is infinite.

13. Officium mē vocat. (Persius)

Duty calls me.

14. Malī sunt in nostrō numerō et dē exitiō bonōrum virōrum cōgitant. Bonōs adiuvāte; cōnservāte populum Rōmānum. (Cicero. — nostrō, our)

Bad men are in our number and they are thinking about the destruction of good men. Help the good men; protect the Roman people.

THE RARITY OF FRIENDSHIP

這則短文改編自Cicero(Marcus Tullius Cicero)的作品De Amicitia (On Friendship)，是Cicero最廣為流傳的作品之一。在這部作品中，他討論了友情到底是甚麼，以及對人的意義是甚麼。

(Cicero. Dē Amīcitiā 21.79-80. –dignus -a –um, worthy, deserving —amīcitia –ae, friendship –omnia, all [things] — praeclārus -a –um, splendid, remarkable –rārus -a –um, rare — possumus, we are able)

Paucī virī vērōs amīcōs habent, et paucī sunt dignī.

Few men have true friends, and few are deserving.

Amīcitia vēra est praeclāra, et omnia praeclāra sunt rāra.

True friendship is remarkable, and all remarkable things are rare.

Multī virī stultī dē pecūniā semper cōgitant, paucī dē amīcīs;

Many stupid men always think about money, few think about friends;

sed errant; possumus valēre sine multā pecūniā,

but they makes a mistake; we can be strong without money,

sed sine amīcitiā nōn valēmus et vīta est nihil.

but without friendship, we cannot be strong and life is nothing.

（我们）能够)

Few men have true friends, and few are worthy. True friendship is remarkable, and all remarkable things are rare. Many foolish men are always thinking about money, few about friends; but they err: we can be well without much money, but without friendship we are not well and life is nothing.

[1] Nihil is indeclinable.

Teach yourself Latin III

CAPVT III

Second Declension: Masculine Nouns and Adjectives; Apposition; Word Order

在上一章已經看過第一變化的字尾變化方式，在本章則是進入到第二變化。在這章中介紹的是屬於第二變化的陽性名詞，他們的變化與第一變化有些不同。其變化如下所示：

Amicus (friend) Amic-		Maganus (great) Magan-	Amici (friends) Amic-	Magani (great) Magan-
N G D Ac Ab Vo	Amicus Amici Amico Amicum Amico Amice	Maganus Magani Magano Maganum Magano Magane	Amici Amicorum Amicis Amicos Amicis Amici	Magani Maganorum Maganis Maganos Maganis Magani

此處要注意的是，只有屬於第二變化陽性以-us結尾的名詞，在單數時的vocative case結尾是-e而非與nominative case相同。而以-ius結尾的名詞，如filius (son)在vocative case時則是以-i結尾。此外，meus (my)也被歸類進-ius結尾，所以其vocative case是mi而非me。

而第二變化陽性以-er結尾的名詞則如下所示：

Puer (boy) Puer-		Ager (field) Agr-	Pueri (boys) Puer-	Agri (fields) Agr-
N G D Ac Ab Vo	Puer Pueri Puero Puerum Puero Puer	Ager Agri Agro Agrum Agro Ager	Pueri Puerorum Pueris Pueros Pueris Pueri	Agri Agrorum Agris Agros Agris Agri

此處需要注意的是，puer與ager雖然都是以-er結尾，但是ager是以agr-為變化基礎，所以在背誦單字時務必要記得將genetive case也一併背起來！另外要注意的是，形容詞如巨大，其根據所修飾的名詞詞性不同可能會有不同的變化，但其變化要按照其在主格時的字尾來選擇變化規則，以maganus來說，即便其修飾陽性名詞如puer，及字尾的變化依舊要按照-us結尾的規則。所以呼喊一個大男孩時，應該要喊：magane puer!，而非maganer puer!

Apposition (同位語)

如果有一個名詞是另一個名詞的同位語，則這兩個名詞所屬的格將會相同。

如：

Gaium, filium meum, in agro video.

在此處，Gaium跟filum meum就是同位語。在文法上、詮釋上的地位都相同。

Word Order

在拉丁文中，最標準的構句方式是以「主詞及修飾語」、「間接受詞與修飾語」、「直接受詞與修飾」、「副詞修飾」、「動詞」的方式來進行。但常常因為希望能夠將強調某項重點，所以這樣的規則經常被打破。尤其在拉丁文這種字尾變化繁多的語言，其語句意義其實幾乎是與句中的文句順序無關；像英文、中文這兩種字尾變化很少的語言，就必須仰賴文句順序來了解誰是主詞受詞。好比說下面這個例子：

Puer puellae bellae rosam dat.

Bellae puellae puer rosam dat.

Bellae puellae rosam dat puer.

Rosam puer puellae bellae dat.

這四句其實都是表達The boy is giving the pretty girl a rose.，但是透過不同的字序，可以告訴他人自己想要強調哪個部分。

Vocabula

NOUN
ager, agrī	m		Field, farm
agricola, -ae	m		Farmer
amīca, -ae	f		Female friend
femina, -ae	f		Woman
fīlia, -ae	f		Dat. & Abl., filiabus, Daughter
fīlius, fīliī	m		Son
numerus -ī	m		Number
populus, -ī	m		The people, a people, a nation
puer, puerī	m		Boy
sapientia, -ae	f		Wisdom
vir, virī	m		Man, hero
ADJECTIVE
Avārus, -a, um				Greedy, avaricious
Paucī, -ae, -a				USUALLY PLURAL, few, a few
Rōmānus, -a, -um				Roman
OTHER
dē		Prep.		+abl., down from, from; concerning, about
in		Prep.		+abl., in, on
hodiē		Adv.		Today
semper		Adv.		Always
VERB
habeō, habēre, habuī, habitum				To have
satiō				To satisfy

Exercitationes

1. Filium nautae Rōmānī in agrīs vidēmus.

We see the son of a Roman sailor on the farm.

Nauta雖然字尾為-a結尾，但是是陽性，所以修飾其的形容詞為romanus，變化為genetive case成為romani。

2. Puerī puellās hodiē vocant.

The boys are calling the girls today.

3. Sapientiam amīcārum, fīlia mea, semper laudat.

My daughter always praises her friends’ wisdom.

4. Multī virī et fēminae philosophiam antīquam cōnservant.

Many men and women preserve the ancient philosophy.

5. Sī īra valet, O mī fīlī, saepe errāmus et poenās damus.

If anger is strong, O my son, we often make mistake and pay the penalty.

6. Fortūna virōs magnōs amat.

Fortune loves great men.

7. Agricola fīliābus pecūniam dat.

The farmer gives his daughters money.

8. Without a few friends life is not strong.

Sine paucis amicis vita non valet.

9. Today you have much fame in your country.

Multam famam in patria tua hodie habes.

10. We see great fortune in your daughters’ lives, my friend.

Mi amice, fortunam magnam in vitis filiarum tuarum videmus.

11. He always gives my daughters and sons roses.

Filiis et filiabus meis rosas semper dat.

SENTENTIAE ANTIQUAE

1. Dēbētis, amīcī, dē populō Rōmānō cōgitāre. (Cicero)

Friends, you must think about the Roman people.

2. Maecēnās, amīcus Augustī, mē in numerō amīcōrum habet. (Horace. –Maecēnās, a name in onm.；Augustus, -ī)

Maecenas, a friend of Augustus, has me in the number of his friends.

3. Libellus meus et sententiae meae vītās virōrum moment. (Phaedrus. –libellus, -ī, little book)

My little book and opinions advise lives of men.

4. Paucī virī sapientiae student. (Cicero. –studēre+ dat., to be eager for)

Few men are eager for wisdom.

5. Fortūna adversa virum magnae sapientiae nōn terret. (Horace. — adversus, -a, -um, unfortune)

Adverse fortune does not frighten a man of great wisdom.

6. Cimōn, vir magnae fāmae, magnam benevolentiam habet. (Nepos. –Cimōn，a name nom. Sg.；–benevolentia, -ae , =Eng)

Cimon, a man of great fame, has great benevolence.

7. Semper avārus eget. (*Horace. –avārus=avārus vir. –egēre, to be in need

A greedy man is always in need.

8. Nūlla cōpia pecūniae avārum virum satiat. (Seneca. –cōpia, -ae, abundance)

No abundance of money satisfies a greedy man.

9. Pecūnia avārum irrītat, nōn satiat. (Publilius Syrus. –irrītāre, to excite, exasperate)

Money excites, not satisfies a greedy man.

10. Sēcrētē amīcōs admonē; laudā palam. (*Publilius Syrus. — sēcrētē, in secret–admonē=monē. –palam, adv., openly)

Advise your friends in secret; praise them openly.

11. Modum tenēre dēbēmus. (*Seneca. –modus, -ī, moderation–tenēre, to hold, maintain)

We ought to maintain moderation.

THE GRASS IS ALWAYS GREENER

這是改寫自Horace作品的一篇小散文，非常有趣。各行各業有各行各業的辛苦之處，但是身處一地總會覺得他人似乎有比自己更好的待遇；又或說是，人總是會覺得好還要再更好，永遠無法被滿足。

Agricola et vītam et fortūnam nautae saepe laudat;

A farmer often praise both the life and fortune of a sailor;

nauta magnam fortūnam et vītam poētae saepe laudat;

a sailor often praise the great fortune and life of a poet;

et poēta vītam et agrōs agricolae laudat.

a poet praise both the life and field of a farmer.

Sine philosophiā avārī virī dē pecūniā semper cōgitant:

Without philosophy, greedy men always think about money:

multam pecūniam habent, sed pecūnia multa virum avārum nōn satiat.

They have many money, but much money doesn’t satisfy much a greedy man.

Teach yourself Latin II

CAVPT II

First Declension Nouns and Adjectives; Prepositions, Conjunctions, Interjections

本章介紹第一型名詞與形容詞字尾變化(Declension)。

拉丁文與英文一大不同之處在於，拉丁文具有非常強的格性(case)。英文文句中，主格、受格等並不會標註於字詞之上，讀者必須自行分析該字在此句中扮演何種角色；拉丁文則否，每個名詞都會標註自己屬於主格還是受格，我們可以這麼想，在拉丁文中說大雄愛靜香時，我們可以清楚的知道「大雄(主格)愛(第三人稱單數)靜香(受格)」，因此一樣的句子我們可以寫成「大雄靜香愛」[1]、「靜香愛大雄」而毫不改變其義。

拉丁文共有六種格：主格(Nominative Case)、屬格(Genitive Case)、與格(Dative Case)、受格(Accusative Case)、離格(Ablative Case)。其中需特別注意Dative case與Accusative case的意義，一般常將Dative case理解為間接受格而Accusative case則為直接受格，比方說「小叮噹給大雄竹蜻蜓」在此句中的「竹蜻蜓」是「給」這個動詞的直接作用到的對象，然後才是大雄。但其實這樣的理解只正確理解到「格」的部分意義，因為日後我們將會發現有些詞彙必定要加上受格或是與格，好比說拉丁文中的sine(without)就一定搭配離格(ablative case)[2]。

簡單的小例子：

Porta (gate) Port-		Magana (large, great) Magan-	Portae (gates)	Maganae (pl.)
N G D Ac Ab Vo	Porta Portae Portae Portam Porta porta	Magana Maganae Maganae Maganam Magana Magana	Portae Portarum Portis Portas Portis portae	Maganae Maganarum Maganis Maganas Maganis Maganae

有注意到字尾的變化嗎？拉丁文的字尾變化豐富，所以一定要記熟，否則學到越後面變化越來越多，會欲哭無淚。形容詞的字尾變化是跟著其所欲修飾的名詞而變，「大門」的「大」是要修飾「門」，所以用拉丁文來寫就是Porta magana[3](主格時)。但要注意，形容詞只會與名詞的詞性相同，變化的結尾未必相同。

基本上有幾個特點可以來幫助記憶，名詞或是形容詞的單數的結尾的accusative case和複數的genetive case常以-m結尾；dative case和ablative case在複數時一定長的一樣。

所以當我們看到Poeta puellae magnas rasas dat. 時

我們從字尾變化就能知道：

poeta為nominative case

puellae可能是genetive或是dative case，但根據前後文句，應做dative

maganas 是跟著rosas，都是複數的accustive case

dat是第三人稱單數現在式的gives

所以這句可能會是：The poet gives large roses to the girl.

從這個例子中我們也可以發現拉丁文沒有英文中的冠詞、定冠詞，在翻譯成英文時要小心這一點，不要忘了加上適當的冠詞！

Vocabvla
拉丁文的名詞和法文、葡萄牙文等一樣，都有性別，分為陰性、楊性、中性。截至目前為止我們會看到的就只有第一變化中以名詞以-a結尾的名詞，通常以a結尾的都是陰性，但也有少數的陽性名詞，像是poeta(poet)和nauta(sailor)。

NOUN
fāma, fāmae	f	Rumor, report; fame, reputation
fōrma, fōrmae	f	Form, shape; beauty
fortūna, fortūnae	f	Fortune, luck
īra, īrae	f	Ire, anger
nauta, nautae	m	Sailor
patria, patriae	f	Fatherland, native land
pecūnia, pecūniae	f	Money
philosophia, -ae	f	Philosophy
poena, -ae	f	Penalty, punishment; “poenas dare”, pay the penalty
poēta, -ae	m	Poet
porta, -ae	f	Gate, entrance
puella, -ae	f	girl
rosa, -ae	f	rose
sententia, -ae	f	Feeling, thought, opinion, vote, sentence
vita, -ae	f	life
ADJECTIVE
antiquus, -a, -um	m, f, n	ancient, old-time

maganus, -a, -um

m, f, n

large, great

meus, -a, -um

m, f, n

multus, -a, -um

m, f, n

much, many

tuus, -a, -um

m, f, n

your

OTHER
est		is

conj.

and; even; et….et, both….and….

sed

conj.

but

interj.

Oh! Commonly preceding a vocative

Sine

prep.

+abl., without

Sententiae antiguae
1. Salvē, O patria! (Plautus.)
Hello, O fatherland!

2. Fāma et sententia volant.

(Virgil. — volāre, verb, to fly,

move quickly)
Rumor and opinion fly.

3. Dā veniam puellae, amābō

tē. (Terence. — venia, -ae, f., favor, pardon )
Give the girl a favor, please.
這邊的da是命令句，而amabo te是please。

4. Clēmentia tua multās vītās servat. (Cicero. — clēmentia, -ae, clemency)
Your clemency saves many lives.
利用字尾的變化我們就會發現形容詞是修飾誰、名詞是屬於甚麼格！

5. Multam pecūniam dēportat. (Cicero. — dēportāre, verb, tocarry away )
He carries away much money.

6. Fortūnam et vītam antīquae patriae saepe laudās sed recūsās. (Horace. — recūsāre, verb, to refuse, reject )
You often praise the fortune and life of the old fatherland but reject them.
這句話在講的是Augustus，他非常常稱讚古羅馬的好，像是共和制等，但其實他自己實行專制，所以說他常稱讚但是拒絕古老的祖國。而recusas作用到的對象跟laudas相同，所以就略而不寫。

7. Mē vītāre turbam iubēs. (*Seneca. — vītāre, to avoid 。– turba, -ae, f., crowd –iubēre, verb, to order )
You order the crowd to avoid me.
注意，turbam在字尾上顯示得很清楚，是作用為accusative，必定是iubes作用對象。不要翻成了you order me to avoid the crowd.

8. Mē philosophiae dō. (Seneca)
I give myself to philosophy.

9. Philosophia est ars vītae.(*Cicero. –ars, art )
Philosophy is the art of life.

10. Sānam fōrmam vītae cōnservāte. (Seneca. –sānus,-a, -um., sound, sane)
Preserve the sound abeauty of life.

11. Immodica īra creat īnsāniam. (Seneca. — immodicus, -a, um, immoderate, excessive.—creare, to creat)
Excessive anger creates insanity.

12. Quid cōgitās? –dēbēmus īram vītāre. (Seneca.)
What are you thinking? – we must avoid anger.

13. Nūlla avāritia sine poenā est. (*Seneca. –nūllus, -a, -um, no –avāritia, -ae, avaricious)
No avarice is without penalty.

14. Mē saevīs catēnīs onerat. (Horace. — saevus, -a, -um, cruel.–catēna, -ae, chain.–onerāre, to load, oppress)
He oppresses me with cruel chains.
此句從onerat的字尾得知主詞應該是第三人稱單數，但句中並沒有名詞符合，所以本句的主詞在拉丁文中被藏了起來，翻成英文時要翻出來。

15. Rotam fortūnae nōn timent. (Cicero –rota, -ae, wheel –timēre, to fear)
They do not fear the wheel of fortune.

16. The girls save the poet’s life.
Puellae vitam poetae servant.

17. Without philosophy we often go astray and pay the penalty.
Sine philosophia saepe erramus et poenas damus.

18. If your land is strong, nothing terrifies the sailors and you ought to praise your great fortune.
Si tua patria valet, nihil nautas terret et laudare magnam fortunam tuam debes.

19. We often see the penalty of anger.
Saepe poenam irae videmus.

20. The ancient gate is large.
Porta antiqua est magna.

CATULLUS BIDS HIS GIRLFRIEND FAREWELL
這是一首改編過的詩，是Catullus在與情人分手後寫下的詩，其中的轉折應該很多人看了會心有戚戚焉吧？
obdurare , to be firm, tough.—basiare, to kiss.—te, you

Puella mea mē nōn amat.
My girl doesn’t love me.

Valē, puella! Catullus obdūrat:
Goodbye, the girl! Catullus is tough:

poēta puellam nōn amat,
the poet doesn’t love the girl,

fōrmam puellae nōn laudat,
he doesn’t praise the beauty of the girl,

puellae rosās nōn dat,
he doesn’t give the girl roses,

et puellam nōn bāsiat!
and he doesn’t kiss the girl!

Ira mea est magna!
My anger is great!

Obdūrō, mea puella — sed sine tē nōn valeō.
I am though, my girl—but without you, I am not strong.

[2] 類似的狀況也發生在德文上，德文有一些介系詞一定要搭配Dativ，故不宜全以中學時學英文所學到的間接受詞、直接受詞概念來理解「格」的意義。

[3] 其實要寫成 Magana porta也是可以，拉丁文在這部份彈性很大。