Latin – Aurophi

有錢人、有閒人

前幾天複習拉丁文當消遣，看到了一句據說說是Seneca留下的話

Si quando satis pecuniae habebo, tum me consilio et philosophiae dabo.

「如果以後有足夠的錢錢，人家要把自己獻身給智慧跟哲學>”<」

我看了大吃一斤，半斤是因為我完全沒印象以前學拉丁文有學到這句話。另外半斤則是因為，這句話用的habebo是第一人稱單數未來式，也就是說，Seneca在說這話時，是在哀嘆自己錢不夠用，所以不能獻身於智慧與哲學嗎？！實在太警世了！太警世了！

我怎麼想怎麼覺得奇怪，Seneca雖然是重要的斯多葛學派思想家，但他絕對不可能窮，他可是那個火燒羅馬、逼自己自殺的Nero的老師啊。

隨手一查Seneca 的資料，才發現Seneca不只一點也不窮，他根本有錢到爆，與他同時期的人甚至稱他為Seneca praedives，胡亂翻譯一下，意思大概就是「靠背有錢的Seneca」。

所以，他到底多有錢？希臘的史學家Cassius Dio 留下的作品指出，Seneca的身價大概是三億sesterii 。平均身價約為五百萬sesterii的羅馬元老們，完全無法跟財富PR值高達99.99%的靠背有錢Seneca相提並論。

用麵包指數來看，當時一sestertius 就可以買兩條麵包。他就算每天吃兩條麵包，也要吃821917年才能把自己的錢都花完，到底是為什麼可以說出「如果有足夠的錢錢」這種話讓人困惑的話呢⋯⋯？

翻了一下Seneca的書信集，才發現事情跟我想得完全不一樣。

這句話，是Seneca用來酸朋友說的。

Seneca的意思大概是這樣：你總是給自己找藉口，說要管理事業、要為錢走撞，沒時間想哲學，你說等你都忙完了、存夠錢了，你就可以愛智慧（原文：nondum habeo quantum sat est; si ad illam summam pervenero, tunc me totum philosophiae dabo），你為什麼不把生活過得簡單一點？錢是會少賺，可是你就可以把多出來的時間拿來愛智慧了，這不是很好嗎？

Well said 靠背有錢Seneca！

—

某意義上來說，我是同意Seneca的。讀哲學、想哲學，跟做貴貴的理工科實驗比起來，是真的不怎麼花錢。以這篇廢文來說，參考到的資料除了大學時買的Wheelock’s Latin課本，其他東西通通都是網路上的免費資源（如wikisource上的Epistulae morales ad Lucilium）。所以，我同意Seneca，想讀點哲學，不需要「等到」有錢後再讀。

但這也是我不盡然同意Seneca之處。這邊箇中關鍵在於，有錢人未必是有閒人，有閒人也不一定是有錢人。只是，要讀點哲學，必須要有點閒。而要有閒，自然不能處於一個需要為錢煩惱的狀態。能否脫離這種狀態，當一個有閒人，常常不是自己決定的。當一個人肩上扛了一整個家族時，能說不幹就不幹嗎？能說我要自願貧窮簡單過活就好嗎？

Seneca有錢到被稱為靠背有錢的Seneca，手下大概有不少能幹的奴隸可以幫自己打理瑣事。但，不是每個人都有這樣的條件。

—

大學時的我身上沒有任何責任，連學費生活費都是父母給我的。指責下班後在家放空看電視的父母不讀點書的我，當時實在是太年輕了呀。

所以我現在遇到年過三十還在哲學難波萬的人，下意識就是閃得遠遠ㄉ。你們自己forever 21就好了，我無法。

Teach Yourself Latin

CAPVT XX

Fourth declension

本章內容簡易，就是介紹第四變化名詞以及ablative
case作為從哪地來、與某物遠離之意的例子。

第四變化規則如下：

Fructus, m., fruit		Cornu, n., horn
Fructus Fructus Fructui Fructum Fructu	-us -us -ui -um -u	Cornu Cornus Cornu Cornu Cornu	-u -us -u -u -u

Fructus Fructuum Fructuibus Fructus Fructuibus	-us -uum -ibus -us -ibus	Cornua Cornuum Cornibus Cornua Cornibus	-ua -uum -ibus -ua -ibus

Ablative of
place from which在之前就已經看過，這樣的用法通常會搭配介係詞如ab, de, ex，如：

Graeci a patria
sua ad Italiam navigaverunt.

The Greeks sailed from their own land to Italy.

Flumen ad montibus
in mare fluxit.

The river flowed from montains into the sea.

Multi ex agris in
urbem venient.

Many men come from fields into the city.

Cicero hostes ab urbe misit.

Cicero sent the enemy away from the city.

而ablative
of separation則表示有某人或是某物與某物分開、隔開(someone
or something is separate from another)，這個用法並非表示透過動作、運動從某地到另一處，而且通常不會有介係詞。尤其是在to
free, to lack, to deprive這些意義時。如：

Cicero hostes ab
urbe prohibuit.

Cicero kept the enemy away from the city.

Eos timore
liberavit

He freed them from fear.

Agricolae pecunia
saepe carebant.

Farmers were often lacking money.

VOCABVLA

NOUN
Coniurati, coniuratorum	m	Pl. conspirators
Cornu, cornus	n	Horn
Fructus, fructus	m	Fruit; profit, benefit, enjoyment
Genu, genus	n	Knee
Manus, manus	f	Hand; handwriting; band
Metus, metus	m	Fear, dread, anxiety
Mons, montis	m	Mountain
Senatus, senatus	m	Senate
Sensus, sensus	m	Feeling, sense
Servitus, servitutis	f	Servitude, slavery
Spiritus, spiritus	m	Breathing; spirit, soul
Versus, versus	m	Line of verse
ADJECTIVE
Communis, communis, commune		Common, general, of/for the community
Dexter, dextra, dextrum		Right, right-hand
Sinister, sinistra, sinistrum		Left, left-hand; harmful, ill-omened
VERB
Careo, carere, carui, cariturum		+abl, of separation, to be without, to deprived of, want, lack; be free from
Defend, defedere, defendi, defesum		To ward off; defend, protect
Discedo, discedere, discessi, discessum		To go away, depart
Odi, odisse, osum		A DEFECTIVE VERB, force, to hate
Prohibeo, prohibere, prohibui, prohibitum		To keep (back), prevent, hinder, restrain, prohibit
Pronuntio, pronuntiare, pronuntiavi, pronuntiatum		To proclaim, announce; declaim; pronounce

EXERCITATIONES

1. Etiam senēs frūctibus sapientiae et
cōnsiliīs argūmentīsque certīs saepe carērer videntur.

Even
old men often seem to lack the fruits of wisdom, plans and certain proof(s).

2. Aut ingentē montēs aut flūmina celeria
quae dē montibus fluēbant hostēs ab urbe prohibēbant.

Either the huge mountains or
swift rivers that were flowing down from the mountains were keeping the enemy away
from the city.

3. Quoniam nimis fortia facta faciēbat,
aetās eius erat brevis.

Since
he was doing deeds too brave, his life was short.

4. Illa medica facere poterat multa manū
dextrā sed sinistrā manū pauca.

That (female)
doctor was able to accomplish many things with her right hand, but few with left
hand.

5. At vēritās nōs metū gravī iam līberābit
quō diū territī sumus.

But, the truth will soon free us from the grim dread by which
we have been frightened for a long time.

6. Quibus generibus scelerum sinistrōrum
illae duae cīvītātēs dēlētae
erunt?

By what
types of harmful crimes will
have been destroyed by those two states?

7. Quī mortālis sine amīcitiā et probitāte
et beneficiō in aliōs potest esse beātus?

What
mortal can be happy without friendship, probity, and kindness into others?

8. Pater pecūniam ex Graeciā in suam
patriam movēre coeperat, nam familia discēdere cupīvit.

The
father had begun to move money out of Greece into his own country, for his
family wanted to go away.

9. Ā quibus studium difficilium atrium eō
tempore neglēctum est?

By whom
was the study of the difficult arts neglected at that time?

10. Ubi versūs illīus auctōris clārī lēctī
sunt, audītōrēs delectātī sunt.

When
that famous author’s verses were read, the audience were delighted.

11. Sē cito iēcērunt ad genua iūdicum, quī
autem nūllam clēmentiam dēmōnstrāvērunt.

They
quickly threw themselves to the judges’ knees, who however showed no mercy.

12. Istī coniurātī ab urbe prohibērī
nōn possunt.

Those despicable conspirators of yours cannot be held
bake from the city.

13. We cannot have the fruits of peace,
unless we ourselves free our families from heavy dread.

Non
possumus fructus pacis habere, nisi ipsi nostras familias metu gravi liberamus.

13. Those bands of unfortunate men and
women will come to us from other countries in which they are deprived of the
benefits of citizenship.

Illae
manus virorum feminarumque infortunatarum ab aliis patriis ad nos venient in
quibus fructibus
civitatis carent.

14. The old men lacked neither games nor
serious pursuits.

Nec
ludis nec studiis gravibus senes carebant.

15. Who began to perceive our common fears
of serious crime?

Quis nostros
timores communes sceleris gravis sentire coepit?

SENTENTIAE
ANTIQUAE

1. Cornua cervum ā perīculīs dēfendunt.
(Martial. –cervus, -ī, m., stag)

Horns
defend a stag from dangers.

2. Oedipūs duōbus oculīs sē prīvāvit.
(Cicero. –prīvāre, to deprive)

Oedipus
deprived himself of (his own) two eyes.

3. Themistoclēs bellō Persicō Graeciam
servitūte līberāvit. (Cicero. –Persicus, -a, -um, Persian)

Themistocles,
In the Persian war, freed Greece from slavery.

4. Dēmosthenēs multōs versūs ūnō spīritū
prōnūntiābat. (Cicero.)

Demosthenes
used to recite many verses in one breath.

5. Persicōs apparātūs ōdī. (Horace. –apparatus,
-ūs, m., equipment, display)

I hate
Persian equipment (pl. acc.).

6. Iste commūnī sēnsū caret. (Horace.)

That
man lacks common sense.

7. Senectūs nōs prīvat omnibus
voluptātibus neque longē abest ā morte. (Cicero. –longē : adv., of longus –absum, to
be away)

Old age
deprives us of all pleasures and is not far from death.

8. Nūllus accūsātor caret culpā; omnēs
peccāvimus. (Seneca. –accusator, -tōris, m. accuser –peccāre, to sin)

No
accuser lacks fault; we all have sinned.

9. Nūlla pars vītae vacāre officiō potest.
(Cicero. –vacāre,
to be free from)

No part
of life can be free from duty.

10. Prīma virtūs est vitiō carēre.
(Quintilian.)

The
primary virtue is to free from vice.

11. Vir scelere vacuus nōn eget iaculīs
neque arcū. (Horace. –vacuus, -a, -um, free from –egēre, to
need –iaculum, -ī, n., javelin –arcus, -ūs, m., bow)

A man
free from crime does not need javelins, nor a bow.

Egeo,
egēre, egui+abl., or gen., need, lack,
want

12. Magnī tumultūs urbem eō tempore
miscēbant. (Cicero. –tumultus, -ūs, m., tumult)

Great tumults
were stirring up the city at that time.

13. Litterae senātuī populōque allobrogum
manibus coniūrātōrum ipsōrum erant scrīptae. (Cicero. –Allobrogēs, -gum, m., pl., a Gallic tribe whom the
Catilinarian conspirators tried to arouse against Rome.)

A
letter to the senate and people of the Allobroges had been written by the hands
of the conspirators themselves.

CICERO
URGES CATILINE’S DEPARTURE FROM ROME

(Cicero. In Catilīnam 1.1.3ff; –cōnsultum, -ī, n., deree –vehemēns, gen. vehementis, vehemence –scelerātus, -a, -um, wicked, criminal, defiled -Manlius: was
one of Catiline’s principal
feoolow conspirators )

Habēmus senātūs consultum contrā tē,
Catilīna, vehemēns et grave; ācre iūdicium habēmus, et vīrēs et cōnsilium
cīvitās nostra habet.

we have
the deree of the senate against you, Catilina, vehemence and serious; we have
sharp judgement, our state has both power and plan.

Quid est, Catilīna? Cūr remanēs? O dī
immortālēs!

What is
is, Catilina? Why you remain? O immortal gods!

Discēde nunc ex hāc urbe cum malā manū
scelerātōrum; magnō metū mē līberābis, sī omnēs istōs coniūrātōs tēcum ēdūcēs.

Leave now
from this city with the evil bands of crimes: you will free me from great fear,
if you lead all those despicable consipirators with you.

Nisi nunc discēdēs, tē cito eiciēmus. Nihil
in cīvitāte nostrā tē dēlectāre potest.

Unless
now you leave, we will throw you away quickly. Nothing in our state can delight
you.

Age, age! Deinde curre ad Manlium, istum
amīcum malum; tē diū dēsīderāvit.

Go, go!
Then run to Manlium, that evil friend of yours: he has longed for you for a
long time.

Incipe nunc; gere bellum in cīvitātem!
Brevī tempore tē omnēsque tuōs, hostēs patriae, vincēmus, et omnēs vōs poenās
gravēs semper dabitis.

Begin now;
wage a war into the state! In a brief time we will conquer you and all men of
yours, the enemy of our fatherland, and all of you will always pay the serious
penalty

Teach yourself Latin XIX

CAPVT XIX

Perfect passive system

上一章介紹過Present passives，那接下來當然是Perfect家族啦！perfect passive其實也非常的簡單，就是將被動詞單字時的第四個部分—perfect
passive participle加上sum,
ero, eram，組合起來就是perfect
indicative passive了。

Perfect Indicative Passive	Future Perfect Indicative Passive	Pluperfect Indicative Passive
I was praised, have been praised	I will have been praised	I had been praised
Laudatus, -a, -um sum Laudatus, -a, -um es Laudatus, -a, -um est Laudati, -ae, -a sumus Laudati, -ae, -a estis Laudati, -ae, -a sunt	Laudatus, -a, -um ero Laudatus, -a, -um eris Laudatus, -a, -um erit Laudati, -ae, -a erimus Laudati, -ae, -a eritis Laudati, -ae, -a erunt	Laudatus, -a, -um eram Laudatus, -a, -um eras Laudatus, -a, -um erat Laudati, -ae, -a eramus Laudati, -ae, -a eratis Laudati, -ae, -a erant

如果發話者是女性，則用laudata
sum表示「我(女性)被稱讚過」。

雖然說participle+sum在拉丁文中組合成一個被動動詞單位，但它的本質還是predicative
adjective，所以很自然的，participle必須要與其欲修飾的名詞和於詞性、單複數以及格。

本課的第二個重點為Interrogative
pronoun

如同英文中的Who?
What? Whose?等疑問詞，拉丁文也有這樣的疑問代名詞。拉丁文中的疑問代名詞大致上與關係代名詞相同：

singular			plural
M	F	N	M	F	N
Quis Quius Cui Quem Quo	Quis Quius Cui Quem Quo	Quid Quius Cui Quid Quo	Qui Quorum Quibus Quos Quibus	Quae Quarum Quibus Quas Quibus	Quae Quorum Quibus Quae Quibus

不過，在拉丁文中的qui, quae, quod與英文比較起來，是更加詳細的去問到底是哪一個人事物(原文為：qui, quae, quod asks for
more specific identification of a person or thing)。比方說：

Quod signum vides?

What sign do you see?

Quae femina consilium habet?

Which woman has a plan?

In qua urbe vivimus?

In what kind of city are we living?

有時，這樣的句法也有驚嘆的意思。有點像what
a good boy he is的感覺。比方說quos
mores malos isti habent! What terrible morals those men have!

由於關係代名詞跟疑問代名詞在大部分的情況下都長的一樣，所以要如何區變兩者變成了一個問題。除了從文句脈絡來區辨以外，還有下面三種區辦方式：第一、疑問代名詞通常是要問到底是哪個人事物，而且在其之前不會有前加詞(antecedent)，句尾也常出現問號。第二、疑問詞的詞性、單複數、格都會合於其所欲詢問的事物。第三、關係代名詞通常都會引入從屬子句，而且會有前加詞，也沒有要問問題。

VOCABVLA

NOUN
Argumentum, argumenti	n	Proof, evidence, argument
Acutor, auctoris	m	Increaser; author, originator
Beneficium, beneficii	n	Benefit, kindness; favour
Familia, familiae	f	Household, family
Graecia, graeciae	f	Greece
iudex, iudicis	m	Judge, juror
Iudicium, iudicii	n	Judgment. Decision, opinion; trial
Scelus, sceleris	n	Evil deed, crime, sin, wickedness
Quis? Quid?		Who? Whose? Whom? What? Which?
Qui? Quae? Quod?		What? Which? What kind of?
ADJECTIVE
Certus, certa, certum		Definite, sure, certain, reliable
Gravis, gravis, grave		Heavy, weighty; serious, important; severe, grievous
Immortalis, immortalis, immortale		Immortal
OTHER
at	conj	But; but, mind you; but, you say; (a stronger adversative than sed)
nisi	conj	If…not; unless, except
contra	prep	+acc, against
iam	adv	Now, already, soon
VERB
Delecto, delectare, delectavi, delectatum		To delight, charm, please
Libero, liberare, liberavi, liberatum		To free, liberate
Paro, parare, paravi, paratum		To prepare, provide; get, obtain

EXERCITATIONES

1. Quis lībertātem
eōrum eō tempore dēlēre coepit?

Who began to destroy the freedom of them at that time?

2. Cuius lībertās ab istō auctōre deinde
dēlēta est?

Whose liberty was then destroyed by that author?

3. Quōs librōs
bonōs poēta caecus herī recitāvit?

What good books did the blind poet recite yesterday?

4. Fēminae librōs
difficilēs crās legent quōs mīsistī.

Tomorrow, the women will read the difficult books which
you sent.

5. Omnia flūmina
in mare fluunt et cum eō miscentur.

All rivers flow into the ocean and are mixed with it.

6. Itaque id genus
lūdōrum levium, quod ā multīs familiīs laudābātur, nōs ipsī numquam
cupimus.

And so, we ourselves never long for that type of trivial
game(s), which used to be praised by many families.

7. Puerī et
puellae propter facta bona ā mātribus patribusque laudātae sunt.

The boys and girls have been praised by their mothers and
fathers because of good deeds.

8. Cur istī
vēritātem timēbant, quā multī adiūtī erant?

Why did those men fear truth, by which many had been
helped?

9. Hostis trāns ingēns flūmen in Graeciā deinde
nāvigāvit.

An enemy then sailed across a vast river in Greece.

10. Quī vir fortis
clārusque, dē quō lēgistī, aetātem brevem mortemque celerem exspectābat?

What brave and famous man, of whom you have read, was
waiting for a brief life and swift death?

11. Quae studia
gravia tē semper dēlectant, aut quae nunc dēsīderās?

What serious studies always delight you, or which do you
now desire?

12. Who saw the
six men who had prepared this?

Quid vidit sex qui hoc paraverat?

13. What was
neglected by the second student yesterday?

Quid heri a secundo discipulo neglectum est?

14. We were helped
by the knowledge which had been neglected by him.

Scientia iuti sumus quae ab eo neglecta erat.

15. Whose plans
did the old men of all those cities fear? Which plans did they esteem?

Cuius consilia senes illorum omnium urbium timuerunt?
Quae dilexerunt?

SENTENTIAE ANTIQUAE

1. Quae est nātūra
animī? Est mortālis. (Lucretius.)

What is the nature of the soul? It is mortal.

2. Illa argūmenta
vīsa sunt et gravia et certa. (Cicero.)

Those proofs seemed both serious and clear.

3. Quid nōs facere
contrā istōs et scelera eōrum dēbēmus? (Cicero.)

What must we do against those men and their crimes?

4. Quid ego ēgī?
In quod perīculum iactus sum? (Terence.)

What have I done? Into what danger have I been thrown?

5. O dī
immortālēs! In quā urbe vīvimus? Quam cīvitātem habēmus? (Cicero.)

O immortal gods! In what city do we live? What state do
we have? What crimes do we see?

6. Quī sunt bonī
cīvēs nisi eī quī officio moventur et beneficia patriae memoriā tenent?
(Cicero.)

Who are good citizens if they are not those who are moved
by duty and keep gifts of the fatherland in their memory?

7. Alia, quae
pecūniā parantur, ab eō stultō parāta sunt; at mōrēs eius vērōs amīcōs parāre
nōn potuērunt. (Cicero.)

Other things, which are provided by money, have been
provided by that fool; but his character was not able to provide true friends.

THE AGED PLAYWRIGHT SOPHOCLES HOLDS HIS OWN

(Cicero, Dē Senectūte, 7.22. — summam , extreme–tragoedia, -ae, f., tragedy–proximē, adv., shortly before –Oedipum Coloneum, Oedipus at
Colonus)

Quam multa senēs
in mentibus tenent!

How many things the old hold in mind!

Sī studium grave
et labor et probitās in senectūte remanent, saepe manent etiam memoria,
scientia, sapientiaque.

If serious study and hard work and probity remain in the
old, memory, knowledge and wisdom also often stay.

Sophoclēs,
scrīptor ille Graecus, ad summam senectūtem tragoediās fēcit;

Shophocles, that Greek writor, made tragedies to extreme
old age.

sed propter hoc
studium familiam neglegere vidēbātur et ā fīliīs in iūdicium vocātus est.

but because of this pursuit he seemed to neglect his
family and was called into judgement by sons.

Tum auctor eam
tragoediam quam sēcum habuit et quam proximē scrīpserat, “Oedipum
Colōnēum,” iūdicibus recitāvit.

Then, the author recited to the juders the tragedy which
he had with himself and which he had written shortly before, Oedipus at
Colonus.

Ubi haec tragoedia
recitāta est, senex sententiīs iūdicum est lībertātus.

When this tragedy was recited, the old was free by the
opinion of the judgers.

CATULLUS BIDS A BITTER FAREWELL TO LESBIA

(*Catullus 8.12, 15-19; meter: choliambic. See L.A.1,
below (and cp. the adaptation of this passage in Ch.2). obdūrāre, to be hard,
be tough, endure–scelestus,
-a, -um wicked, accursed–vae
tē, woe to yo–adībit, will
visit–dīcēris, will
you to be said–bāsiāre, to kiss–cui,here means cuius–labellum, -ī, n, lip–mordēre,
to bite–dēstinātus,
-a, -um, resolved, firm)

Valē, puella — iam
Catullus obdūrat.

Goodbye, girl –now Catullus is tough.

…

Scelesta, vae tē!
Quae tibī manet vīta?

Wicked woman, woe to you! What life remain to you?

Quis nunc tē
adībit? Cui vidēberis bella?

What man now will visit you? To whom will you seem
pretty?

Quem nunc amābis?
Cuius esse dīcēris?

Which man now you will love? Whose will you be said to
be?

Quem bāsiābis? Cui
labella mordēbis?

Which man will you kiss? whose lips you will bite?

At tū, Catulle,
dēstinātus obdūrā.

But you, Catullus, be firm, resolute.

MESSAGE FROM A BOOKCASE

(*Martial 14.37; meter: hendecasyllabic. –sēlectus, -a,
-um, select, carefully chosen–tinea,
-ae, f., maggot, bookworm–trux,
gen., trucis, firce, savage–blatta,
-ae, f., cockroach)

Sēlectōs nisi dās
mihī libellōs,

admittam tineās
trucēsque blattās!

Unless you give me (carefully) chosen books,

I will send bookworms and fierce cockroaches!

Teach yourself Latin XVIII

CAPVT

XVIII

本章介紹動詞第一第二變化的被動式。在拉丁文中，要表達被動式只要將現在主動式的-o/-m,
-s, -t, -mus, -tis, -nt換成-r,
-ris, -tur, -mur, -mini, -ntur即可。在imperfect
indicative以及future
indicative上也相去不遠，皆為插入ba,
bi來表示，唯future
indicative passive的第一人稱、第二人稱單數有些微差異。

見下表：

I am (being) praised	I was (being), used to be praised	I will be praised	Ending
Laudor Laudaris Laudatur Laudamur Laudamini Laudantur	Laudabar Laudabaris Laudabatur Laudabamur Laudabamini Laudabantur	Laudabor Laudaberis Laudabitur Laudabimur Laudabimini Laudabuntur	-r -ris -tur -mur -mini -ntur

Present Passive Infinitive的表達方式則是將active的-e結尾換作是-i，如:

Laudare, laudari

Monere, moneri

以下為幾個例子：

Caesarem admonet.

He warns Caesar

Caesar admonetur.

Caesar is (being) warned.

很直覺簡單，只是要多練習，看到被動式的結尾要馬上反應。

Ablative of personal agent

在先前曾經有介紹過ablative
case可以做為by means
of 的意思來使用，而在被動式時，很自然的會想要強調是by
whom the action is done! 當然，這個by
whom還是由我們的Ablative
case來說明囉。

不過拉丁文在此區分了是行為者(agent)去做這樣的行為還是非行為者去做，好比說某個事件影響了某個結果跟某個行為者去導致某個結果，這兩者是有差異的。若為行為者導致某個結果，則要在其前方多加a或是ab；若為非行為者，則直接用ablative case即可。

以下為幾個例子：

Caesar a
dis admonetur.

Caesar is warned by gods.

Urbs ab
malis delebatur.

The city is destroyed by the evil men.

Urbs flammis
delebatur.

The city is destroyed by the fire.

因為flamma是事物，而不是行為者，故在abl. Case前不加ab

VOCABVLA

NOUN
Flumen, fluminis	n	river
Genus, generis	n	Origin, kind, type, sort, class
Hostis, hostis	m	An enemy; hostes, hostium, the enemy
Ludus, ludi	m	Game, sport; school
Probitas, probitatis	f	Uprightness, honesty
Scientia, scientiae	f	Knowledge
ADJECTIVE
Clarus, clara, clarum		Clear, bright; renowned, famous, illustrious
Mortalis, mortalis, mortale		Mortal
OTHER
Cur		Why
Deinde		Thereupon, next, then
VERB
Fluo, fluere, fluxi, fluxum		To flow
Lego, legere, legi, lectum		To pick out, choose; read
Misceo, miscēre, miscue, mixtum		To mix, stir up, disturb
Moveo, movēre, movi, motum		To move; arouse, affect
Videor, videri, visus sum		Passive of vedio, To be seen, seem, appear

EXERCITATIONES

1. Multī morte
etiam facilī nimis terrentur.

Many men are terrified too much even by an easy death.

2. Beāta memoria
amīcitiārum dulcium numquam dēlēbitur.

The happy memory of sweet friendships will never be
destroyed.

3. Illa fēmina
caeca omnia genera atrium quoque intellēxit et ab amīcīs iucundīs semper
laudābātur.

That blind woman also understood all types of the arts
and was always praised by her pleasant friends.

4. Pater senex
vester, ā quō saepe iuvābāmur, multa dē celeribus perīculīs ingentis
maris herī dīcere coepit.

Your old father, by whom we used to be helped often,
began to say many things about the swift dangers of the vast sea yesterday.

5. Mentēs nostrae
memoriā potentī illōrum duōrum factōrum cito moventur.

Our minds are moved quickly by the strong memory of those
two deeds.

6. Cōnsilia
rēgīnae illō tertiō bellō longō et difficilī dēlēbantur.

The queen’s plans were destroyed by that third long and
difficult war.

7. Itaque māter
mortem quartī fīliī exspectābat, quī nōn valēbat et cuius aetās erat
brevis.

And so, the mother was expecting her fourth son’s death,
who was not well and whose life was short.

8. Bella
difficilia sine cōnsiliō et clēmentiā numquam gerēbāmus.

We never waged difficult wars without plan and mercy.

9. Tē cum novem ex
aliīs miserīs ad Caesarem crās trahent.

Tomorrow, they will drag you with nine of the other
wretches to Caesar.

10. Rēgem ācrem, quī
official neglēxerat, ex urbe suā ēiēcērunt.

They threw out the harsh king from their city, who had
neglected his duties.

11. Ille poēta in
tertiō libellō saturārum scrīpsit dē hominibus avārīs quī ad centum terrās
aliās nāvigāre cupiunt quod pecūniam nimis dēsīderant.

The poet wrote in the third book of satires about greedy
men who want to sail to a hundred other lands because they desire money too
much.

12. Mercy will be
given by them even to the citizens of other cities.

Et civibus
aliarum urbium clementia ab eis dabitur.

13. Many are moved
too often by money but not by truth.

Multi nimis saepe pecunia sed non veritate moventur.

14. The state will
be destroyed by the powerful king, whom they are beginning to fear.

Civitas a rege potenti, quem timere incipiunt delebitur.

15. Those ten
women were not frightened by plans of that trivial sort.

Illae decem feminae consiliis illius generis levis non
terrebantur.

SENTENTIAE ANTIQUAE

1. Possunt quia
posse videntur. (Virgil. –quia, conj., because)

They can because they seem to be able.

2. Etiam fortēs
virī subitīs perīculīs saepe terrentur. (Tacitus. –subitus, -a, -um, sudden)

Even brave men are often frightened by sudden dangers.

3. Tua cōnsilia
sunt clāra nōbīs; tenēris scientiā hōrum cīvium omnium. (Cicero.)

Your plans are clear to us; you are restrained by the
knowledge of all of these citizens.

4. Malum est
cōnsilium quod mūtārī nōn potest. (Publilius Syrus.)

Bad is the plan that cannot be changed.

5. Fās est ab hoste docērī. (Ovid. –fās
est, it is right.)

It is right to be taught by an enemy.

6. Eō tempore
erant circēnsēs lūdī, quō genere levī spectāculī numquam teneor. (Pliny.
–circēnsēs lūdī, contest in the circus ;quo genere = a kind by which, as here
with genere, the antecedent is often attracted into the rel. clause.
–spectāculum, –ī, n., sence, spectacle)

At that time there were the circus games, by which
trivial type of spectacle I am never held.

7. Haec est nunc
vīta mea: admittō et salūtō bonōs virōs quī ad mē veniunt; deinde aut
scrībō aut legō; post haec omne tempus corporī datur. (Cicero. –salutāre, to
greet)

This is now my life: I receive and greet good men who
come to me; then I either write or read; after these things, all the time is
given to the body.

8. Nihil igitur
mors est, quoniam nātūra animī habētur mortālis. (Lucretius.)

Therefore death is nothing, since the nature of the
spirit is regarded mortal.

9. Amor miscērī
cum timōre nōn potest. (*Publilius Syrus.)

Love cannot be mixed with fear.

10. Numquam enim
temeritās cum sapientiā commiscētur. (*Cicero. –temeritās, –tātis, f, rushness)

Truly, rushness is never mixed together with wisdom.

11. Dīligēmus eum quī
pecūniā nōn movētur. (Cicero.)

We esteem he/she who is not moved by money.

12. Laudātur ab hīs; culpātur ab illīs. (*Horace.)

He is praised by these men; blamed by those.

13. Probitās laudātur — et alget. (*Juvenal. –algēre, to
be cold, be neclected)

Probity is praised – then is left in the cold (i.e.
neglected).

Algēre雖為主動型態，但其在英文中的意義是被動型，翻譯時要注意。

ON DEATH AND METAMORPHOSIS

Ovid, Metamorphoses

O genus humānum,
quod mortem nimium timet!

O, human kind, who fears death too much!

Cūr perīcula
mortis timētis?

Whu you fear the danger of death?

Omnia mūtantur,
omnia fluunt, nihil ad vēram mortem venit.

All things are changed, all things flow, nothing comes to
true death.

Animus errat et in
alia corpora miscētur; nec manet, nec eāsdem fōrmās servat, sed in fōrmās novās
mūtātur.

The soul goes astray and is mixed into the other body;
neither does it remain, nor does it preserve the same forms, but changed into
new forms.

Vīta est flūmen;
tempora nostra fugiunt et nova sunt semper.

Life is a river; our time (in Latin is pl.) flees and is
always new.

Nostra corpora
semper mūtantur; id quod fuimus aut sumus, nōn crās erimus.

Our bodies are always being changed; that which we have been
or we are, not we will be tomorrow.

Teach Yourself Latin XVII

CAPVT XVII

如同英文，拉丁文也有關係代名詞。英文中用who,
which, that等，而拉丁文則以qui,
quae, quod來連結兩個句子。除了所用的符號不同之外，拉丁文中的關係代名詞也有六種格與三種詞性，隨著代換的名詞在關係子句中的格不同，用來連接關係子句的關係代名詞也要跟著變換。以下為基本的變化表：

	Singular			Plural
	M	F	N	M	F	N
N G D A A	Qui Cuius Cui Quem Quo	Quae Cuius Cui Quam Qua	Quod Cuius Cui Quod Quo	Qui Quorum Quibus Quos Quibus	Quae Quarum Quibus Quas Quibus	Quae Quorum Quibus Quae Quibus

比方說：

The woman whom you are praising is wise.

這句話可以拆成

The woman is wise.

You are praising the woman.

很明顯的子句中的the
woman是accusative case，因此關係代名詞要用quam。

故整句翻譯為：

Femina quam laudas est sapiens.

其實概念上非常簡單，但由於有格的問題，要多練習才能馬上反應出應該用哪個Q。

下面是課文中的例子：

Diligo puellam quae ex Italia venit.

此句可以拆成：

Diligo puellam.

Puella ex Italia vēnit.

所以翻譯起來就是：I
admire the girl who came from Italy.

Homo de quo dicebas est amicus
carus.

Homo est amicus carus.

De hominem dicebas.

The man about whom you used to talk is a dear friend.

Puella cui librum dat est fortunata.

Puella est fortunata.

Puellae librum dat.

The girl to whmo he is giving a book is fortunate.

Puer cuius patrem iuvabamus
est fortis.

Puer est fortis.

Patrem pueri iuvabamus.

The boy whose father we used to help is brave.

Vitam meam
committam eis viris quorum
virtutes laudabas.

Vitam meam committam eis viris.

Virtutes virorum laudabas.

I will entrust my life to those men whose virtues you
used to praise.

Timeo idem
periculum quod
timetis.

Timeo idem periculum.

Periculum timetis.

I fear the same danger which you (pl.) fear.

分析有關係子句的句子時，務必要記得從關係代名詞開始到第一個看到的動詞為止，就是整個關係子句。拉丁文中的關係子句會放在一起形成一個小單位，並不會隨意亂調換，所以在不熟練時，可以畫小括號把子句括起來，以免混淆，如第三句中的cui…dat即為一個子句單位。因此翻譯時把握這個原則，就不會將主句的動詞翻進子句，或是子句中的翻進主句。

VOCABVLA

NOUN
Libellous, libelli	m	Little book
Qui, quae, quod		Who, which, what
ADJECTIVE
Caecus, caeca, caecum		Blind
Levis, levis, leve		Light; easy; slight, trivial
OTHER
aut		Or; aut…aut…either…or
cito		quickly
quoque		Too, as well
VERB
Admitto, admittere, admisi, admissum		To admit, recevice, let in
Coepi, coepisse, coeptum		began
Cupio, cupere, cupivi, cupitum		To desire, wish, long for
Deleo, delere, delevi, deletum		To destroy, wipe out, erase
Desidero, desiderare, desideravi, desideratum		to desire, long for, miss
Incipio, incepere, incepi, inceptum		To begin
Navigo, navigare, navigavi, navicatum		To sail, navigate
Neglego, neglegere, neglexi, neglectum		To neglect, disregard
Recito, recitare, recitavi, recitatum		To read aloud, recite

EXERCITATIONES

1. Potēns quoque
est vīs atrium, quae nōs semper alunt.

Mighty, also, is the power of the arts which always
nourish us.

2. Miserōs hominēs,
autem, sēcum iungere coeperant.

However, they had begun to join themselves with the
wretched men.

Miserōs為acc.

3. Nam illā aetāte
pars populī in Italiā iūra cīvium numquam tenuit.

For in that time, a part of people in Italy never held
the rights of the citizens.

4. Incipimus
vēritātem intellegere, quae mentēs nostrās semper regere dēbet et sine
quā valēre nōn possumus.

We are beginning to understand the truth, which should
always direct our minds and without which, we are unable to be strong.

5. Quam difficile
est bona aut dulcia ex bellō trahere!

How difficult it is to derive good or pleasant things
from war!

6. Centum ex virīs mortem
diū timēbant et nihil clēmentiae exspectābant.

A hundred of the men used to fear death for a long time
and they were expecting nothing of mercy.

7. Puer mātrem
timēbat, quae eum saepe neglegēbat.

The boy used to fear his mother who often used to neglect
him.

8. Inter omnia perīcula
illa fēmina sē cum sapientiā gessit.

Among all the dangers, that woman composed herself with
wisdom.

9. Itaque celer
rūmor ācris mortis per ingentēs urbēs cucurrit.

And so, the swift rumor of the harsh death ran through
giant cities.

10. Quoniam
memoria factōrum nostrōrum dulcis est, beātī nunc sumus et senectūtem facilem
agēmus.

Since the memory of our deeds is pleasant, we are now
happy and will live old age happy.

11. Multī
audītōrēs saturās ācrēs timēbant quās poēta recitābat.

Much audience used to fear the harsh satires which the
poet was reciting.

12. They feared
the powerful men whose city they were ruling by force.

Potentes viros quorum urbem vi regebant timebant.

13. We began to
help those three pleasant women to whom we had given our friendship.

Illas tres feminas iucundas quibus amicitiam nostram
dederamus iuvare coepimus.

14. We fear that
book with which he is beginning to destroy our liberty.

Illum librum quocum nostram libertatem delere incipit
timemus.

SENTENTIAE ANTIQUAE

1. Salvē, bone
amīce, cui fīlium meum herī commīsī. (Terence.)

Hello, good friend, to whom I entrusted my son yesterday.

2. Dionysius,
dē quō ante dīxī, ā Graeciā ad Siciliam per tempestātem nāvigābat. (Cicero.
— Sicilia, -ae, Sicily)

Dionysius, of whom I spoke before, sailed through a storm
from Greece to Sicily.

3. Multī cīvēs aut ea perīcula quae
imminent nōn vident aut
ea quae vident neglegunt. (Cicero. –imminēre, to impend, threaten)

Many citizens either do not see the dangers that impend
or disregard those that they see.

Aut…aut…句型帶出對仗

4. Bis dat quī cito dat. (Publilius
Syrus. –bis, adv., twice)

He who gives quickly gives twice.

5. Quī coepit, dīmidium factī habet. Incipe!
(Horace. –dīmidium, -iī, n., half)

He who began has the half of the deed. Begin!

6. Levis est
fortuna: id cito repōscit quod dedit. (Publilius Syrus. –repōscō, -ere, to
demand back)

Fortune is trivial: it demands quickly back what it has
given.

7. Fortūna eum stultum facit quem nimium amat.
(Publilius Syrus.)

Fortune makes him stupid whom she loves too much.

8. Nōn sōlum fortūna ipsa
est caeca sed etiam
eōs caecōs facit quōs semper adiuvat. (Cicero.)

Not only is fortune blind, but it also makes those men whom
it always helps blind.

9. Bis vincit quī
sē vincit in victōriā. (*Publilius Syrus.)

He who conquers himself in victory conquers twice.

10. Simulātiō
dēlet vēritātem, sine quā nōmen amīcitiae valēre nōn potest. (Cicero. –simulatio,
-ōnis, f., pretense, insincerity)

Pretense destroys truth; without which, the name of
“friendship” cannot have power.

11. Virtūtem enim
illīus virī amāvī, quae cum corpore nōn periit. (Cicero. –pereō –īre, –iī,
-itum, to perish)

I truly loved the virtue of that man, which did not
perish with his body.

12. Turbam vītā.
Cum hīs vīve quī tē meliōrem facere possunt; illōs admittē quōs tū
potes facere meliōrēs. (Seneca. –melior, better)

Avoid the crowd. Live with these men who can make you
better; let in those whom you can make better.

ON THE PLEASURES OF LOVE IN OLD AGE

Cicero. Dē Senectūte 14.47. –minor, less. –carēre, to
lack, want

Estne amor in
senectūte?

Is there love in the old age?

Voluptās, enim
minor est, sed minor quoque est cupiditās.

Pleasure, truly, is less, but desire is also less.

Nihil autem est
cūra nōbīs, sī nōn cupimus, et nōn caret is quī nōn dēsīderat.

Nothing however is dear by us, if we do not want, and he
who does not desire does not lack..

Adulēscentēs nimis
dēsīderant; senēs satis amōris saepe habent et multum sapientiae.

Young men are longing for to much; old man often have
enough love and many wisdom.

Cōgitō, igitur,
hoc tempus vītae esse iūcundum.

I think, therefore, this time of life is pleasant.

IT’S ALL IN THE DELIVERY

Martial, 1.38; meter: elegiac couplet. –libellous, the delayed
antecedent of quem; in prose order might be: libellus quem recitās est meus.
–male, adv., of malus.–cum,
conj., when

Quem recitās meus
est, ō Fīdentīne, libellus;

sed male cum
recitās, incipit esse tuus!

What you recite, O Fidentinus, is my little book;

but when you recite it badly, it begins to be yours!

Teach yourself Latin XVI

CAPVT XVI

Third Declension Adjectives

本課的重點在於第三種形容詞變化。此種變化類同於先前於CAPVT XIV中所介紹的i-stem名詞變化，declension基本上相同。

-i結尾於所有單數genitive case

-ium結尾於所有複數genitive case

-ia結尾於所有複數nominative, accusative case

如下表所示：

	M/F	N	M/F	N	M/F	N	M/F	N
N G D A A	Civis Civis Civi Civem Cive	Mare Maris Mari Mare Mari	Fortis Fortis Forti Fortem Forti	Forte Fortis Forti Forte Forti	Acer, Acris Acris Acri Acrem Acri	Acre Acris Acri Acrem Acri	Potens Potentis Potenti Potentem Potenti	Potens Potentis Potenti Potens Potenti

N G D A A	Cives Civium Civibus Cives Civibus	Maria Marium Maribus Maria Maribus	Fortes Fortium Fortibus Fortes Fortibus	Fortia Fortium Fortibus Fortia Fortibus	Acres Acrium Acribus Acres Acribus	Acria Acrium Acribus Acria Acribus	Potentes Potentium Potentibus Potentes Potentibus	Potentia Potentium Potentibus Potentia Potentibus

VOCABVLA

NOUN
Aetas, aetatis	f	Period of life, life, age, an age, time
Auditor, auditoris	m	Hearer, listener, member of an audience
Clementia, clementiae	f	Mildness, gentleness, mercy
Mens, mentis	f	Mind, thought, intention
Satura, saturae	f	satire
ADJECTIVE
Acer, acris, acre		Sharp, keen, eager; severe, fierce
Brevis, brevis, breve		Short, small, brief
Celer, celeris, celere		Swift, quick, rapid
Difficilis, difficilis, difficile		Hard, difficult, troublesome
Dulcis, dulcis, dulce		Sweat; pleasant, agreeable
Facilis, facilis, facile		Easy, agreeable
Fortis, fortis, forte		Strong, brave
Ingens, ingens, ingens		Huge
Iucundus, iucunda, iucundum		Pleasant, delightful, agreeable, pleasing
Longus, longa, longum		Long
Omnis, omnis, omne		Every, all
Potens, potens, potens		Gen. potentis, able, powerful, mighty, strong
Senex, senex, senex		Gen. senis, adj and noun, old, old age; old man
OTHER
quam	adv	how
VERB
Rego, regere, rexi, rectum		To rule, guide, direct

EXERCITATIONES

1. Fortēs virī et fēminae ante aetātem nostram vīvēbant.

Brave men and women used to live before our time.

2. Eōs centum senēs miserōs ab Italiā trāns maria difficilia herī mittēbat.

He sent those one hundred miserable old men away from Italy across the difficult seas yesterday.

3. Illī duo virī omnēs cupiditātēs ex sē ēiēcērunt, nam nātūram corporis timuērunt.

Those two men threw out all desires from themselves, for they feared the nature of the body.

4. Potēns rēgīna, quoniam sē dīlēxit, istōs trēs vītāvit et sē cum eīs numquam iūnxit.

The powerful queen, since she esteemed herself, shunned those three men and never joined (herself) with them.

5. Itaque inter eōs ibi stābam et signum cum animō fortī diū exspectābam.

Therefore I used to stand among them there and wait for a sign with courage for a long time.

6. Celer rūmor per ōra aurēsque omnium sine morā currēbat.

The swift rumor ran through the mouths and ears of all people without delay.

7. Vīs bellī acerbī autem vītam eius paucīs hōrīs mūtāvit.

The force of a fierce war, however, changed his life in a few hours.

8. Quīnque ex nautīs sē ex aquā trāxērunt sēque Caesarī potentī commīsērunt.

Five of the sailors dragged themselves out of the water and entrusted themselves to mighty Caesar.

9. Caesar nōn poterat suās cōpiās cum celeribus cōpiīs rēgis iungere.

Caesar could not join his own troops with the swift troops of the king.

10. Themistoclēs omnēs cīvēs ōlim appellābat et nōmina eōrum ācrī memoriā tenēbat.

Once puon a time, Themistocles were speaking to all of the citizens and kept their names by keen memory.

11. In caelō sunt multae nūbēs et animālia agricolae tempestāte malā nōn valent.

Many clouds are in the sky and the farmer’s animals are not well in the bad weather.

12. The father and mother often used to come to the city with their two sweet daughters.

Pater materque saepe ad urbem cum duabus filiabus dulcibus veniebant.

13. The souls of brave men and women will never fear difficult times.

Animi virorum feminarumque fortium tempora difficilia numquam timebunt.

14. Does he now understand all the rights of these four men?

Intellegitne omnia iura nunc horum quattuor virorum?

15. The doctor could not help the brave girl, for death was swift.

Medicus puellam fortem adiuvare non poterat, nam mors erat celeris.

SENTENTIAE ANTIQUAE

1. Quam dulcis est lībertās! (Phaedrus.)

How sweet the liberty is!

2. Labor omnia vīcit. (*Virgil.)

Labour conquered all things.

3. Fortūna fortēs adiuvat. (Terence.)

Fortune helps the strong.

4. Quam celeries et ācris est mēns! (Cicero.)

How swift and sharp the mind is!

5. Polyphēmus erat mōnstrum horrendum, īnfōrme, ingēns. (Virgil. — mōnstrum, -ī, n, monster–horrendus, -a, -um, horrible–īnfōrmis, -e,formless, hideous)

Polyphemus was a horrendous, hideous, huge monster.

6. Varium et mūtābile semper fēmina. (*Virgil. –Order: fēmina semper [est] varium et mūtābile. –varius, -a, -um, varying, fickle–mūtābilis, -e, changeable；varium and mūtābileare used to mean ‘a fickle and changeable thing’

A woman is always a fickle and changeable thing.

7. Facile est epigrammata belle scrībere, sed librum scrībere difficile est. (*Martial. –epigramma, -matis, n , short poem, epigram–belle is the adverb form of bellus, -a, -um)

It is easy to write epigrams neatly, but to write a book is difficult.

8. Ira furor brevis est; animum rege. (*Horace. –furor, -rōris, m, madness)

Anger is a brief madness; rule your spirit.

9. Ars poētica est nōn omnia dīcere. (*Servius. –poēticus, -a, -um, poetic)

The poetic art is not to say everything.

10. Nihil est ab omnī parte beātum. (*Horace.)

Nothing is happy from every part.

11. Liber meus hominēs prūdentī cōnsiliō alit. (Phaedrus. –prūdēns, gen., prūdentis, prudent)

My book nourishes human beings by prudent advice.

12. Māter omnium bonārum atrium sapientia est. (*Cicero.)

The mother of all good arts is wisdom.

13. Clēmentia rēgem salvum facit; nam amor omnium cīvium est inexpugnābile mūnīmentum rēgis. (Seneca. –inexpugnābilis, -e, impregnable–mūlīmentum, -ī, n,fortification defense)

Mercy makes the king safe; for the love of all citizens is impregnable defense of a king.

14. Vīta est brevis; ars, longa. (Hippocrates, quoted by Seneca.)

Life is short; art, long.

15. Breve tempus aetātis autem satis longum est ad bene vīvendum. (Cicero. –vīvendum, living, verbal noun object of ad, for)

The brief period of life, however, is long enough to live well.

16. Vīvit et vīvet per omnium saeculōrum memoriam. (*Velleius Paterculus –saeculum, -ī, n, century, age)

He lives and will live through the memory of all the ages.

JUVENAL EXPLAINS HIS IMPULSE TO SATIRE

Semper ego audītor erō? Est turba poētārum in hāc urbe — ego igitur erō poēta!

Will I always be an auditor? A crowd of poets is in this city—therfore I will be a poet!

Sunt mīlia vitiōrum in urbe — dē istīs vitiīs scrībam! Difficile est saturam nōn scrībere.

Thousands vices are in the city—I used to write about these evils! The difficult is not to write a satire.

Sī nātūra mē adiuvāre nōn potest, facit indignātiō versum.

If the nature cannot help me, the anger does the versus.

In librō meō erunt omnia facta hominum — timor, īra, voluptās, culpa, cupiditās, īnsidiae. Nunc est plēna cōpia vitiōrum in hāc miserā urbe Rōmae!

All deeds of human beings will be in my book—fear, anger, please, fault, desire and threachery. Now is a full abundance of vices in this miserable city of Rome!

ON A TEMPERAMENTAL FRIEND

Difficilis facilis, iūcundus acerbus– es īdem:

nec tēcum possum vīvere nec sine tē.

(*Martial, 12, 46; meter: elegiac couplet.)

Difficult easy, pleasant bitter – you are the same:

neither with you can I live, nor without you.

隨著課程，這種利用對仗排比而省略動詞或是連接詞的狀況會越來越常出現

這是因為古代承載文字的紙張等非常稀少

Teach yourself Latin XV

CAPVT XV

Numerals; genitive of the whole; ablative with numerals and ablative of time

本章的重點其實就只有一個：數字

修飾名詞的數字有點像是形容詞，但是除了one, two, three, two hundred – nine hundred 以及thousands會有declension以外，其他都沒有declension。

這乍聽之下是一個好消息：可以不用背declension！但事實上，拉丁文因為有詞尾變化的這項特性，句子中的word order比較鬆散，這些沒有declension的數字沒有辦法從字尾得知其所屬之格，因此在翻譯上反而會造成困擾。

以下為duo, -a, -o以及Tres, tres, tria的變化。而ducenti, -ae, -a以及其他百位數字之變化同第一第二形容詞複數的declension。

	M	F	N	M/F	N
N G D A A	Duo Duorum Duobus Duos Duorum	Dua Duarum Duabus Duas Duabus	Duo Duorum Duobus Duo Duobus	Tres Trium Tribus Tres Tribus	Tria Trium Tribus Tria tribus

Thousand無論是甚麼性都不會有declension，而thousands的declension則是為第三變化複數中性i-stem。

	Thousand	Thousands
	M/F/N	N
N G D A A	Mille Mille Mille Mille Mille	Milia Milium Milibus Milia Milibus

GENITIVE OF THE WHOLE

本章第二個重點為用genitive case來表達一個整體的部分。如：

Pars urbis, part of the city

Nemo anicorum meorum, none of my friends

有一些實用的拉丁小片語也是這樣構成的：

Nihil temoris, nothing of time = no time

Satis eloquentiae, sufficient eloquence

Quid consilii? What plan?

Multum boni, much good

Quid novi? What new?

Nihil certi, nothing certain

要注意thousand的用法

Decem milia viroum, 10000 men

Mille viri, 1000 men

ABLATIVE WITH CARDINAL NUMERALS

要表達有多少個東西時，有時可以用ex或是de接ablative case，如

Tres ex amicis meis, three of my friends

Quinque ex eis, five of them

Quidam ex eis, a certain one of them

Centum ex viris, 100 of the men

Pauci ex amicis, a few of the friends

ABLATIVE OF TIME WHEN OR WITHIN WHICH

想表示在多少時間之內或是在甚麼時候，可以直接用ablative case來表達。在翻譯成英文時要記得補上at, in, on 或是within跟by。如：

Eo tempore non poteram id facere. At that time I could not do it.

Agricolae bonis annis valebant. In good years, the farmers flourished.

Eodem die venerunt. They came on the same day.

Aestate ludebant. In summer they used to play.

Paucis horis id faciet. In a few hours he will do it.

VOCABVLA

NOUN
Italia, Italiae	f	Italy
Memoria, memoriae	f	Memory, recollection
Tempestas, tempestatis	f	Period of time, season; weather, strom
ADJECTIVE
centum		A hundred
mille		Indecl. In sg. Thousand
Milia, milium		Thousands (third decleionsion i-stem)
Miser, misera, miserum		Wretched, miserable, unfortunate
OTHER
Inter	prep	+acc, between, among
Itaque	adv	And so, therefore
VERB
Committo, committere, commisi, commissum		To commit, entrust
Expecto, expectare, expectavi, expectatum		To look for, expect, await
Iacio, iacere, ieci, iactum		To throw, hurl
Timeo, timere, timui		To fear, be afraid of

EXERCITATIONES

1. Illae quīnque fēminae inter ea animālia mortem nōn timēbant.

Those five women were not afraid of death among those animals.

2. Duo ex fīliīs ā portā per agrōs cum patre suō herī currēbant et in aquam cecidērunt.

Two of the sons were running from the gate through the fields with their father yesterday and they fell into the water.

3. Primus rēx dīvitiās in mare iēcit, nam magnam īram et vim turbae timuit.

The first king threw the riches into the sea, for he feared the great anger and force of the mob.

4. Nēmō eandem partem Asiae ūnō annō vincet.

No one will conquer the same part of Asia in one year.

5. Rōmānī quattuor ex eīs urbibus prīmā viā iūnxērunt.

The Romans joined with the four of the cities on the first road.

因為quattour沒有declension，所以要判斷出他其實是accusative case需要靠分析出iunxerrunt不會是接ex eis urbibus也不會接ablative case的prima via

6. Itaque mīlia librōrum eius ab urbe trāns Italiam mīsistis.

Therefore, you (pl.) sent his thousands of books from the city across Italy.

7. Lībertātem et iūra hārum urbium artibus bellī cōnservāvimus.

We preserved the liberty and rights of these cities by the arts of war.

8. Dī Graecī sē inter hominēs cum virtūte saepe nōn gerēbant.

The Greek gods often did not conduct themselves with virtue among men.

9. Cicerō mīlia Rōmānōrum vī sententiārum suārum dūcēbat.

Cicero were leading thousands of Romans by the power of his own thoughts.

10. Sententiae medicī eum cārum mihi numquam fēcērunt.

The opinions of the docter never made him dear to me.

11. The tyrant used to entrust his life to those three friends.

Tyrannus vitam suam tribus amicis illis committebat.

12. The greedy man never has enough wealth.

Avarus numquam satis habet divitiarum.

13. At that time we saved their mother with those six letters.

Eo tempore matrem eorum illis sex epistulae servavimus.

14. Through their friends they conquered the citizens of the ten cities.

Decem urbium cives amicis vicerunt.

SENTENTIAE ANTIQUAE

1. Diū in istā nāve et propter tempestātem nūbēsque semper mortem exspectābam. (Terence. –nāvis, nāvis, f, ship)

I have been on that ship for a long time and because of the storm and clouds, I was always expecting the death.

2. Septem hōrīs ad eam urbem vēnimus. (Cicero.)

We came to that city in seven hours.

3. Italia illīs temporibus erat plēna Graecārum artium, et multī Rōmānī ipsī hās artēs colēbant. (Cicerō. –artēs, in the sense of studies, e.g., literature and philosophy–colō, -ere, to cultivate, pursuit)

Italy was full of the Greek arts in those times, and many Romans themselves were pursuiting these arts.

4. Inter bellum et pācem dubitābant. (Tacitus. –dubitāre, to hasitate, waver)

They kept hesitating between war and peace.

5. Eō tempore istum ex urbe ēiciēbam. (Cicero.)

At that time, I was driving that man out of the city.

6. Dīcēbat quisque miser: “Cīvis Rōmānus sum.” (Cicero.)

Each wretched man kept saying: “I am a Roman citizen.”

7. Mea puella passerem suum amābat, et passer ad eam sōlam semper pīpiābat nec sē ex gremiō movēbat. (Catullus. –passer, -seris, m, sparrow–pīpiāre, to chirp–gremium, -iī, n, lap–movēre, to move)

My girl used to love her sparrow, and the sparrow used to chirp only to her and it did not move away from her lap.

8. Fīliī meī frātrem meum dīligēbant, mē vītābant; mē patrem acerbum appellābant et meam mortem exspectābant. Nunc autem mōrēs meōs mūtāvī et duōs fīliōs ad mē crās traham. (Terence.)

My sons used to love my brother, they shunned me; they used to call me a bitter father and await my death. However, I have changed my behavior now and tomorrow I shall drag my two sons (back) to me.

9. Dionysius tyrannus, quoniam tōnsōrī caput committere timēbat, fīliās suās barbam et capillum tondēre docuit; itaque virginēs tondēbant barbam et capillum patris. (Cicero.–tōnsor, -sōris, m, barber–barba, -ae, f, beard–capillus, -ī, m, hair–tondēre, to shave)

Since he used to fear to entrust his head to a barber, the tyrant Dionysius taught his own daughters to cut his beard and hair; therefore the maidens used to cut their father’s beard and hair.

Teach yourself Latin XIV

CAPVT XIV

i-stem nouns of the third declension

ablatives of means, accompaniment and manner

I-Stem nouns of third declension

名詞第三變化除了先前曾經在CAPVT VII學過的基本型態以外，尚有i-stem之形式的變化。其實基本變化都與一般第三變化相同，不同之處在於genitive plural的結尾為-ium、ablative neuter singular結尾為-i、nominative and accusative neuter singular為-ia。如下表所示：

Cons.-stem	i-stem
Rex, regis (m, king)	Civis, civis (m, citizens)	Nubes, nubis (f, cloud)	Urbs, Urbis (f, city)	Mare, maris (n, sea)	Vis, vis (f, force)
Rex Regis Regi Regem Rege	Civis Civis Civi Civem Cive	Nubes Nubis Nubi Nubem Nube	Urbs Urbis Urbi Urbem Urbe	Mare Maris Mari Marem Mari	Vis Vis Vi Vim Vi

Reges Regum Regibus Reges Regibus	Cives Civium Civibus Cives Civibus	Nubes Nubium Nubius Nubes Nubius	Urbes Urbium Urbibius Urbes urbibius	Maria Marium Maribus Maria Maribus	Vires Virium Viribus Vires Viribus

★cives, urbes這兩個字的accusative plural ending在Golden Age時是以-is結尾。

★vis為不規則變化

要判別是否為i-stem名詞可從nominative case的ending來看：

Masculine: -is, -es

Hostis, hostis, m.; gen. pl. Hostium; enemy

Navis, navis, f.; navium; ship

Moles, molis, f.; molium; mass, structure

Civis, civis 同上

Nubes, nubis 同上

Feminine & a few Masculine: -s, -x

Ars, artis, f.; atrium; art, skill

Dens, dentis, m.; tooth

Nox, noctis, f.; noctium; night

Urbs, Urbis 同上

Neuter: -al, -ar, -e

Animal, animalis, n., animal

Exemplar, exemplaris, n., model, pattern, original

Mare, maris 同上

ABLATIVE of MEANS or INSTRUMENT

Ablative case可以用來表示用甚麼方式、以甚麼樣的工具去做某件事情等，就是英文中的by means of what/in which之意。如：

Litteras stilo scripsit.

He wrote the letter with a pencil.

Cives pecunia vicit.

He conquered the citizens by money.

Id meis oculis vidi.

I saw it with my eyes.

Suis laboribus urbem conservavit.

By his own labours he saved the city.

而cum+ablative的用法也可以用來表示與甚麼人、甚麼東西一起。如：

Cum amicis venerunt.

They came with friends.

Cum celeritate venerunt.

They came with speed.

Id cum eis fecit.

He did it with them.

Id cum virtute fecit.

He did it with courage.

VOCABVLA

NOUN
Animal, animalis	n	A living creature, animal
Aqua, aquae	f	Water
Ars, artis	f	Art, skill
Auris, auris	f	Ear
Civis, civis	m/f	citizen
Ius, iuris	n	Right, justice, law
Mare, maris	n	sea
Mors, mortis	f	death
Nubes, nubis	f	cloud
Os, oris	n	Mouth, face
Pars, partis	f	Part, share; direction
Roma, romae	f	Rome
Turba, turbae	f	Uproar, disturbance; mob, crowd, multitude
Urbs, urbis	f	city
Vis, vis	f	Force, power, violence
Vires, virium	f	Pl. strength
OTHER
A, ab	Prep.	(a before consonants, ab before vowels or consonants) +abl, away from, from; by (personal agent)
trans	prep	+acc, across
VERB
Appello, appellare, appellavi, appellatum		To speak to, address, call, name
Curro, currere, cucurri, cursum		To run, rush, move quickly
Muto, mutare, mutavi, mutatum		To charge, alter; exchange
Teneo, tenere, tenui, tentum		To hold, keep, possess; restrain
Vito, vitare, vitavi, vitatum		Tp avoid, shun

EXERCITATIONES

1. magnam partem illārum urbium post multōs annōs vī et cōnsiliō capiēbat.

By force and plan, he took a great part of those cities after many years.

2. Ante Caesaris ipsīus oculōs trāns viam cucurrimus et cum amīcīs fūgimus.

Before the eyes of Caesar himself, we ran across the road and fled with friends.

3. Nēmō vitia sua videt, sed quisque illa alterīus.

No one sees his own faults, but each one (sees) those of another.

4. Monuitne nūper eōs dē vītibus illārum urbium in Asiā?

Has he warned them about the strength of those cities in Asia recently?

5. Ipsī autem lībertātem cīvium suōrum magnā cum cūrā aluerant.

However they themselves had support the liberty of their own citizens with great care.

6. Nōmina multārum urbium nostrārum ab nōminibus urbium antīquārum trāximus.

We have drawn names of our many cities from the names of ancient cities.

7. Pars cīvium dīvitiās cēpit et per urbem ad mare cucurrit.

A part of the citizens has took (their) riches and ran through the city to the sea.

8. Hodiē multae nūbēs in caelō sunt signum īrae acerbae deōrum.

Today, many clouds in the sky are a sign of the harsh anger of gods.

9. Illud animal herī ibi cecidit et sē trāns terram ab agrō trahēbat.

That animal fell there yesterday and was dragging itself across the land from the field.

10. That wicked tyrant did not long preserve the rights of these citizens.

Ille tyrannus malus non diu iura horum civium conservavit.

11. Great is the force of the arts.

Magna vis artium est.

12. His wife was standing there with her own friends and doing that with patience.

Uxor eius cum amicis suis ibi stabat et illud cum patientia faciebat.

13. Cicero felt and said the same thing concerning his own life and the nature of death.

Cicero de sua vita et natura mortis idem sentiebat et dicebat.

SENTENTIAE ANTIQUAE

1. Et Deus aquās maria in prīncipiō appellāvit. (Genesis; aquās, direct object; maria is an objective complement)

And God named the waters the seas in the beginning.

2. Terra ipsa hominēs et animālia ōlim creāvit. (Lucretius.)

Once upon a time the land itself created men and animals.

3. Pān servat ovēs et magistrōs fortūnātōs ovium. (Virgil. –Pan, the god of pastures and shepherds–ovis, ovis, f, sheep)

Pan guards sheep and the blessed masters of the sheep.

4. Parva formīca onera magna ōre trahit. (Horace. –formīca, -ae, ant–onus, oneris, n, load)

A little ant drags great loads by its mouth.

5. Auribus teneō lupum. (*Terence. –lupus, -ī , m, wolf)

I am holding a wolf by the ears.

6. Ille magnam turbam clientium sēcum habet. (Horace. –cliēns, -entis, m, client, dependent)

That man has a great multitude of clients with him.

7. Hunc nēmō vī neque pecūniā superāre potuit. (Ennius.)

No one could conquer this man by force or money.

8. Animus eius erat ignārus artium malārum. (Sallust. –ignārus, -a, -um ignorant)

His mind was ignorant of evil arts.

9. Magna pars meī mortem vītābit. (Horace.)

A great part of me will avoid death.

10. vōs, amīcī doctī, exemplāria Graeca semper cum cūrā versāte. (Horace. –exemplar, -plāris, n, model, original–versāre, to turn; study)

You, learned friends; always study the Greek originals with care.

11. Nōn vīribus et celeritāte corporum magna gerimus, sed sapientiā et sententiā et arte. (Cicero. –celeritās, -tātis, f, swiftness)

We carry out great things not by strength and swiftness of bodies, but through wisdom and feeling and art.

12. Istī caelum, nōn animum suum, mūtant, sī trāns mare currunt. (Horace.)

Those people change the sky, not their spirit, if they run across the sea.

這句話的意思是人們改變環境而不是自己的心態

Teach yourself Latin XIII

CAPVT XIII

Reflexive pronouns and possessives

Intensive pronoun

本章介紹反身代名詞，像是「我稱讚我自己」中的「我自己」就是中文中的反身代名詞。拉丁文中的反身代名詞使用時機很直觀，基本上和中文、英文沒有太大差異。比方說：

Femina de se cogitabat.

The female used to thinking about herself.

N G D A A	— Mei (of myself) Mihi (to/for myself) Me (myself) Me (by/with/from myself)	— Tui Tibi Te Te	— Sui Sibi Se Se
N G D A A	— Nostri Nobis Nos Nobis	— Vestri Vobis Vos Vobis	— Sui Sibi Se Se

REFLEXIVE POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES

在第一人稱第二人稱時，要表示所有格用meus, tuus, noster, vester等形容詞修飾即可。第三人稱時呢？suus, sua, suum可以翻譯作his own, her own, its own, their own之意。如：

Cicero amicum suum laudavit.

Cicero praised his own friend.

Cicero amicum eius laudavit.

Cicero praised his (the other people instead of cicero himself) friend.

THE INTENSIVE PRONOUN—Ipse, ipsa, ipsum

Intensive pronoun通常用於加強語氣，好比說英文中的Caesar himself conquered the Asia Minor. 這邊的himself就是intensive pronoun。如：

Cicero ipse me laudavit.

Cicero himself praised me.

Ipse amicum eius laudavi.

I myself praised his friend.

Filia vobis ipsis litteras scripsit.

Your daughter wrote a letter to you yourselves.

VOCABVLA

NOUN
Divitae, divitarum	F		Pl., riches, wealth
Factum, facti	N		Deed, act, achievement
Signum, signi	N		Sign, signal, indication; seal
Quisque, quidque			(Gen. quiusque; Dat. Cuique) each one, each thing, each person
ADJECTIVE
Doctus, docta, doctum		Taught, learned, skilled
Fortunatus, fortunata, fortunatum		Lucky, fortunate, happy
OTHER
nam	Conj.	for
ante	Prep. Adv	+acc., before (in place, time), in front of Before, previously
per	prep	+acc., through; with reflexive pronoun, by
olim	adv	Long ago, formerly; someday, in the future
VERB
Alo, alere, alui, altum		To nourish, support, sustain, increase; cherish
Diligo, diligere, dilexi, dilectum		To esteem, love
Iungo, iungere, iunxi, iunctum		To join
Sto, stare, steti, statum		To stand, stand still, stand firm

EXERCITATIONES

1. Cōnsulēs sē nec tēcum nec cum illīs aliīs iungēbant.

The consuls were joining themselves neither with you nor with those others.

2. Tōtus populus Rōmānus lībertātem āmīsit.

The whole Roman people have lost their freedom.

3. Rēx malus enim mē ipsum capere numquam potuit.

The evil king could never be able to truly capture me myself.

4. Ad patrem mātremque eōrum per illum locum tum fūgistis.

At that time, you fled to their father and mother through that place.

5. Dī animōs creant et eōs in corpora hominum ē caelō mittunt.

The gods create souls and send them into the human bodies from the sky.

6. Ipsī per sē eum in Asiā nūper vīcērunt.

Recently they themselves have conquered him in Asia by themselves.

7. In hāc viā Cicerō medicum eius vīdit, nōn suum.

On the way, Cicero saw his (not Cicero himself’s) doctor, not his own.

8. Nēmō fīliam acerbam cōnsulis ipsīus diū dīligere potuit.

No one was able to love the bitter daughter of the consul himself for long.

9. Hī Cicerōnem ipsum sēcum iūnxērunt, nam eum semper dīlēxerant.

These men joined Cicero himself with themselves, for they had always esteemed him.

10. Fēmina ante illam hōram litterās suās mīserat.

The female had sent her own letter before that time.

11. Ille bonam senectūtem habuit, nam bene vīxerat.

That man had a good old age, for he had lived well.

12. Māter fīlium bene intellēxit, et adulēscēns eī prō patientiā grātiās ēgit.

The mother understood her son well, and the young man thanked her for her patience.

13. However, those young men came to Caesar himself yesterday.

Illi autem adulescentes ad Caesarem ipsum heri venerunt.

14. Cicero, therefore, will never join his (Caesar’s) name with his own.

Cicero igitur nomen eius (Ceasaris) cum suo numquam iunget.

15. Cicero always esteemed himself and even you esteem yourself.

Cicero se semper dilexit et tu etiam te diligis.

16. Cicero used to praise his own books and I now praise my own books.

Cicero laudabat libros suos et nunc libros meos laudo.

17. The consul Cicero himself had never seen his (Caesar’s) book.

Consul Cicero ipse numquam librum eius (Caesaris) viderat.

SENTENTIAE ANTIQUAE

1. Ipse ad eōs contendēbat equitēsque ante sē mīsit. (Caesar. — contend, -ere, to hasten—eques, equities, m, horseman)

He himself used to hasten to them and sent the horsemen before himself.

2. Ipsī nihil per sē sine eō facere potuērunt. (Cicero.)

They could do nothing by themselves without him.

3. Ipse signum suum et litterās suās ā prīncipiō recognōvit. (Cicero. –recognōscō, -ere, -cognōvī, -cognitum, to recognize)

He himself recognized his own seal and his own letter from the beginning.

4. Quisque ipse sē dīligit, quod quisque per sē sibi cārus est. (Cicero.)

Each one loves himself, because each one is dear to himself by himself.

5. Ex vitiō alterīus sapiēns ēmendat suum. (*Publilius Syrus. –sapiens, -entis, m, wise man, philosopher–ēmendāre, to correct)

From the fault of another, a wise man corrects his own.

6. Recēde in tē ipsum. (*Seneca. –recede, -ere, to withdraw)

Withdraw into your very self.

7. Animus se ipse alit. (*Seneca.)

The spirit nourishes itself.

8. Homō doctus in sē semper dīvitiās habet. (Phaedrus.)

A learned man always has riches in himself.

ALEXANDER THE GREAT AND THE POWER OF LITERATURE

(Cicero, Prō Archiā 24. )

Tumulus, -i, m, tomb, grave

Achillēs, -lis, m, Achilles

Homērus, -ī, m, Homerus

laudator, -tōris, m, one who praise, eulogist, chronicler

vēre, adv of vērus

Ilias, -adis, f, Iliad

obruō, -ere, to overwhelm, bury

Magnus ille Alexander multōs scrīptōrēs factōrum suōrum sēcum semper habēbat.

The great Alexander used to always have many writers of his own achievement with himself.

Is enim ante tumulum Achillis ōlim stetit et dīxit haec verba: “Fuistī fortūnātus, ō adulēscēns, quod Homērum laudātōrem virtūtis tuae invēnistī.”

Truly, he stood before the grave of Achilles for a long time and said these words: “You were fortunate, o the young men, because you found out Homer the chronicler of your virtute.”

Et vērē! Nam, sine Iliade illā, īdem tumulus et corpus eius et nōmen obruere potuit.

And truly! For, withour that Iliad, the same tomb would bury both your body and name.

Nihil corpus humānum cōnservāre potest; sed litterae magnae nōmen virī magnī saepe cōnservāre possunt.

Nothing can preserve the human body; but great literatures often can preserve the name of great hero.

THE AUTHORITY OF A TEACHER’S OPINION

(Cicero, Dē Nātūrā Deōrum 1.5.10.)

Pythagorās, -ae, m, Pythagoras–disputātiō, -ōnis, f, argument, debate)

Magistrī bonī discipulīs sententiās suās nōn semper dīcere dēbent.

Good teachers should not always teach their own opinions to students.

Discipulī Pythagorae in disputātiōnibus saepe dīcēbant: “Ipse dīxit!”

Students of Pythagoras often used to say in debate: “He himself said!”

Pythagorās, eōrum magister philosophiae, erat “ipse”: sententiae eius etiam sine ratiōne valuērunt.

Pythagoras, a teaher of philosophy of them, was “himself”: the opinions of him also were strong without reason.

In philosophiā autem ratiō sōla, nōn sententia, valēre dēbet.

In philosophy, however, only reason, not opinion should be strong.

Teach yourself Latin XII

CAPVT XII

本課介紹perfect active系統。在先前我們知道動詞在字典上會出現第一人稱單數型以及不定動詞型，那剩下兩個呢？剩下兩個就是本課要介紹的perfect active indicative以及perfect passive participle的第一人稱單數型。

以laudare為例：

Present active indicative: laudo, I praise

Present active infinitive: laudare, to praise

Perfect active indicative: laudavi, I praised, have praised

Perfect passive participle: laudatum, praised, having been praised

再看看下面幾個例子

moneo	monere	monui, I advised	monitum, (having been) advised
ago	agere	egi, I led	actum, (having been) led
capio	capere	cepi, I took	captum, (having been) taken
audio	audire	audivi, I heard	auditum, (having been) heard
sum	esse	fui, I was	futurum, about to be
possum	posse	potui

上面所看到的都是第一人稱單數時的狀況，在不同的人稱底下，變化一樣依據其根來變化，比方說laudav-, monu-, eg-, cep-, audiv-, fu-, potu-。

Perfect active indicative

I praised, have praised	I led, have led	I was, have been	Endings
Laudavi Laudavisti Laudavit Laudavimus Laudavistis Laudaverunt	Egi Egisti Egit Egimus Egistis Egerunt	Fui Fuisti Fuit Fuimus Fuistis Fuerunt	-i -isti -it -imus -istis -erunt, -ere

Pluperfect active indicative (double past tense) & Future perfect active indicative

如果提及兩件過去的事情，其中一件事情發生在另一件事情之前，則該事件的時態即為pluperfect active indicative。若提及一件事情在未來將會被完成，則可以用Future perfect active indicative。

Pluperfect active indicative (stem+imperfect)		Future perfect active indicative (stem+future)
I had praised	I had been	I will have praised	I will have been
Laudaveram Laudaveras Laudaverat Laudaveramus Laudaveratis Laudaverant	Fueram Fueras Fuerat Fueramus Fueratis Fuerant	Laudavero Laudaverist Laudaverit Laudaverimus Laudaveritis Laudaverint	Fuero Fuerist Fuerit Fuerimus Fueritis Fuerint

這邊的時態變化可以用下面的例子來了解：

Pluperfect

I had studied this and so I understood it.

　↑pluperfect(A)　　　　↑past(B)

Perfect

I have studied this and so I understand it.

　↑perfect(B)　　　　　　↑present(C)

Future perfect

I will have studied (by tomorrow) and so I will understand it.

　↑future perfect(B)　　　　　　　　　　↑future(E)

我們可以用下面的時間線更深入地了解上述狀況：

A(更過去)　　B(過去)　　C(現在)　 D(未來)　E(更未來)

ß——Pluperfect——à 　　　　　　

　　　　　　　ß——Perfect——-à

　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 ß—Future Perfect—à　

Synopsis

	Pres.	Fut.	Imperfecf.	Perf.	Fut. Perf.	Pluperf.
Lat.	agit	aget	agebat	egit	egerit	Egerat
Eng.	He drives	He will drive	He was driving	He has driven	He will have driven	He had driven

VOCABVLA

NOUN
Adulescens, adulescentis	M,F		Young man or woman
Annus, anni	M		Year
Asia, asiae	F		Asia (asia minor)
Caesar, caesaris	M		Caesar
Mater, matris	F		Mother
Medicus, medici Medica, medicae	M F		Doctor, physician
Pater, patris	M		Father
Patientia, patientiae	F		Suffering; patience,endurance
Principium, principi	N		Beginning
ADJECTIVE
Acerbus, acerba, acerum		Harsh, bitter, grievous
OTHER
Pro	prep	+abl, in front of, on behalf of, for the sake of, in return for, instead of, for, as
Diu	adv	Long, for a long time
Nuper	adv	Recently
VERB
Amitto. Amittere, amisi, amissum		To send away; lose, let go
Cado, cadere, cecidi, casurum		To fall
Creo, creare. Creavi, creatum		To creat

EXERCITATIONES

That friendly queen did not remain there a long time.

Illa amica regina ibi diu non remansit.

Our mothers had not understood the nature of that place.

Nostrae matres naturam illius locorum non intellexerant.

However, we had found no fault in the head of our country.

Non culpam in capite nostrae patriae inveneramus.

They kept sending her to him with me.

Eam ei cum me amittebant.

SENTENTIAE ANTIQUA

1. In prīncipiō Deus creāvit caelum et terram; et Deus creāvit hominem. (Genesis)

In the beginning, God created the sky and the land; and God created human.

2. In triumphō Caesar praetulit hunc titulum: “Vēnī, vīdī, vīcī.” (Suetonius. — triumphus, –ī, m., triumphal procession–praeferō, -ferre, -tulī, -lātum, to display— titulus, -ī, m., placard)

In the triumph, Caesar displayed this placard: “I came, I saw, I conquered.”

3. Vīxit, dum vīxit, bene. (*Terence)

When he lived, he lived will.

4. Adulēscēns vult diū vīvere; senex diū vīxit. (Cicero. — vult, irg., wishes— senex senis, m, old man)

A young man wishes to live long; an old man has lived long.

5. Nōn ille diū vīxit, sed diū fuit. (*Seneca.)

That man did not live for a long time, but he has been for a long time.

6. Hui, dīxistī pulchrē. (*Terence. — hui, “whee!”– pulchrē, adv, from pulcher.)

Hurray, you(sg.) spoke beautifully!

7. Sophoclēs ad summam senectūtem tragoediās fēcit. (*Cicero. — Sophoclēs, -clis– summus, -a, -um, extreme — tragoedia, -ae, tragedy)

Sophocles made tragedies to extreme old age.

8. Illī nōn sōlum pecūniam sed etiam vītam prō patriā prōfūdērunt. (Cicero. — prōfundō, -ere, -fūdī, -fūsum, to pour forth)

They poured forth not only money but also their life for the fatherland.

9. Rēgēs Rōmam ā prīncipiō habuērunt; lībertātem Lūcius Brūtus Rōmānīs dedit. (Tacitus. — ā+abl. from. )

Kings held Rome from the beginning; Lucius Brutus gave freedom to the Romans.

10. Sub Caesare autem lībertātem perdidimus. (Laberius. — perdō, -ere, -didī, -ditum, to destroy, lose.)

However, we lost our freedom under Caesar.

11. Quandō lībertās ceciderit, nēmō līberē dīcere audēbit. (Publilius Syrus.)

When liberty will have fallen, no one will dare to speak freely.

THE DEATH OF FUNDANUS’ DAUGHTER

(Pliny, Epistulae 5.16; see L.I. 40. — XIII annōs 十三年來。acc表時間延續。Minicius Fundanus 在107年擔任執政官；他女兒的骨灰和下面的墓誌銘發現於羅馬近郊的家族墓地：D[īs] M[ānibus] Miniciae Marcellae Fundānī f[īliae]; v[īxit] a[nnōs] XII m[ēnsēs] XI d[iēs] VII. – the dī manes to whom the epitaph is dedicated were the spirit of the dead, who protected the deceased.– menses, 月—diēs 日)

Salvē, Marcellīne! Haec tibi scrībō dē Fundānō, amīcō nostrō; is fīliam cāram et bellam āmīsit.

Greeting, Marcelline! I write this to you about Fundano, our friend; he sent away his dear and beautiful daughter.

Illa puella nōn XIII annōs vīxerat, sed nātūra eī multam sapientiam dederat.

This girl did not live 13 years, but the nature had given her much wisdom.

Mātrem patremque, frātrem sorōremque, nōs et aliōs amīcōs, magistrōs magistrāsque semper amābat, et nōs eam amābāmus laudābāmusque.

She used to always love her mather and father, brother and sister, us and the other friends, teahers and female teachers, and we used to love her and praise her.

Medicī eam adiuvāre nōn poterant.

Doctors were not able to help her.

Quoniam illa autem magnōs animōs habuit, morbum nimis malum cum patientiā tolerāvit.

Since that girl, however, had great courage, she tolerate excessive vicious disease with patient.

Nunc, mī amīce, mitte Fundānō nostrō litterās dē fortūnā acerbā fīliae eius. Valē.

Now, my friend, send our Fundane a letter about the grievous fortune of his daughter. Good bye.

DIAULUS STILL BURIES HIS CLIENTS

(*Martial 1.47; meter: elegiac couplet. — vespillō, -lōnis, m, undertaker– quod, what –et = etiam, even)

這則短詩非常有趣，在諷刺Diaulus作為一個醫生，做的事情卻跟殯葬業者沒有兩樣。

Nūper erat medicus, nunc est vespillō Diaulus.

Recently he was a doctor, now Diaulus is an undertaker.

Quod vespillō facit, fēcerat et medicus.

What the undertaker does, even the doctor had done.