Aurophi – Page 13

TOEFL ibt–Writing

整合題

看整合題的閱讀部分第一次讀只要看第一段的介紹，下三段的第一句，然後將他的論點想辦法用成若P則Q句型、因為P所以Q；第二次再看細節。這樣的好處在於，講座反對文章的論點的反對方式其實就是舉出如果P不一定導致Q，這樣寫整合時就可以用到：

Given that blah blah, the P doesn’t entail Q

Even though P, it is not necessarily that Q

等等漂亮卻不大會犯錯的句子。
只要能聽得懂講座，整合部分便能輕鬆愉快拿高分

(其實這種argument的策略就是指出P並不是Q的sufficient condition，所以喜歡的話，還可以寫說The lecturer points out that P is not, in fact, Q’s sufficient condtion.等等的)

聽力的部分一樣不建議寫筆記，只要寫幾個keynotes就好，否則可能會漏聽重點或是把講者要argue的點聽成他想支持的點，這樣就得不償失了。尤其整合部分的結構非常的固定，所以只要認真聽講者提出的反例就好了，開始寫的時候也不大會用到筆記。

聽力部分重要的筆記反而是一開始在閱讀部分所作的。因為有時恍神或是聽力本來就比較弱，漏聽關鍵字會把講者的立場說成是跟閱讀文章中的立場一樣，這會是非常嚴重的錯誤。閱讀筆記可以幫助自己了解那些立場不可能是講者所說的，並且更了解講者怎麼去反駁，所以這樣的筆記很重要。

獨立寫作

我並不建議在這部分的回答用take myself for example等等的回答方式，因為只要把自己的文章翻譯成中文就會發現，這樣的文章非常的幼稚。真正要寫應該還是盡量要找大家都能接受、認同的例子去支持自己的理由，而不是很個人的事例。

事實上，這點也可以從Official guide中的範文中得到佐證。ETS挑選出的文章確實組織架構清晰，論證中舉出的事例也非常具體。

我認為在獨立寫作部分寫五段會是最好：

intro- why this topic is questionable? my position
argument 1- 支持的理由一
argument 2- 支持的理由二
argument 3- 反方可能提出的理由有點道理，可是我還是覺得不夠
conclusion

理由一跟理由二的立場都是站在同一面，第三個則是顯示我知道對方為什麼會提出不一樣的意見，展現出我非常了解題目的爭議性在哪邊，但是我的意見還是比較好。

以十月的考試來說，獨立的題目是：

你同不同意現在的知名藝人跟運動明星應該有更多隱私

intro:很多人每天的娛樂就是看布萊德彼特他們家又要去哪玩、A Rod換女朋友沒這些人覺得他們可以以此為樂或許是因為他們賺很多，而他們賺的錢也是從觀眾身上來的，所以他們可以這麼做。但隱私權是一個基本人權，我覺得不管怎麼樣我們都應該尊重這些知名人士，即便他們真的賺很大。
argument 1:

隱私權問題已經造成很多名人的困擾，侵犯了他們的人權。像是黛安娜王妃就因狗仔而亡。

argument 2:

因為隱私權被侵犯，造成了一些運動明星無法有完美的表現。很多科學研究都支持情緒會影響生理，所以當隱私權被侵犯導致情緒不佳，運動明星也常無法有好的表現。

argument 3:

有些人還是覺得這些名人要成為名人的代價就是付出隱私，因為球迷們買了很多門票去支持他們，影迷也買一堆周邊，這些錢可以合理化看八卦小報的行為。但是，這樣的觀點忽略了一件很重要的事：球迷買到的是欣賞球賽的門票，影迷買到的是欣賞電影的權力，他們並沒有買到侵犯他人隱私的權利。

conculsion

我認為運動員跟藝人確實要有更多隱私。

其他有用的連結：

Toefl Official Guide
http://www.ets.org/Media/Tests/TOEFL/pdf/ibt_writing_sample_responses.pdf

這篇除了給出了ETS認為甚麼樣的文章可以得到幾分的範文之外
還清楚的點出了到底評分的重點在哪邊，務必好好研究這篇文章。

TOEFL ibt–Speaking

口說的題型除了xination大的網站中有解說外，我強烈推薦去youtube聽Joseph的解說，他在youtube上詳細講解各題題型以及應該怎麼回答、如何控制時間等，聽過之後就會對如何準備口說有很清楚的概念。

Joseph, task 1 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S4lzrCpndC0

　　　task 2 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ul2OTUqMGqk

其他我想大家可以直接在youtube上連結到

他的網站也有很不錯的免費練習

有些很厲害的人說口說進步的練習不外乎就是多講以及練習shadowing，這點我不反對。但我認為口說的進步必須要視個人的狀況來做調整。如果連from my point of view都講的卡卡的，那真的不要想嘗試shadowing。

shadowing其實一般是要練口譯的人才會做的訓練，要一邊聽到別人在說甚麼，一般用一樣的語速講出來，這不只聽力要很好，嘴巴也要動得很快。真的不是一般人作的來的。
我認為比較實用的練習方式是利用TPO的聽力、口說講稿以及錄音來練習跟讀。既然shadowing難就難在要一邊聽一邊講，如果我們現在可以看著講稿跟著一起念，那就簡單很多了。

用windows media player的增強功能->調整播放速度
把速度調慢成80%或者更慢，戴上耳機然後跟照著Script念，如果有任何跟Script不一致的聲調、發音，就在Script上註記，這代表自己的語調還有發音在那邊是有問題的！不相信的話，可以順便將自己的聲音錄下來，聽聽看跟TPO的差異在哪邊。作這個練習也可以了解到，如果覺得聽80%的錄音覺得很慢，但自己講話如果連80%的速度都跟不上，那代表其實自己講話更慢！

調慢在此的目的是因為100%的速度雖然可能聽得懂，但是大部分的人的舌頭沒辦法跟上這樣的速度。練習應該是要按照自己的程度慢慢加強，就像舉重選手也不是一開始就可以舉起兩百公斤一樣。
練習時盡量讓自己講話的聲音跟錄音「重疊」起來，如果真的完全重疊，那代表你的發音、語調跟錄音中的speaker其實只有「音高」的差異，其餘都表現的與她一樣。

口說我自己覺得有幾個境界可以講

第一種境界是：永遠額額額。

如果自己有錄音，就會開始同情起rator…OTL
在這個境界中，講話會常常在奇怪的地方斷句或是額額額，跟正常外國人停頓的地方完全不同。外國人停頓的地方其實是在meaning unit之間，比方說他們會斷在I study at ^ a southen city ^ which is called ^ Kaohsiung.
用螢光標註的，就是一個個meaning unit
但在第一種境界的人會斷在I study at ^ a southen ^ city which is ^ called Kaohsiung. 等等的地方，導致rator真的很難聽得懂我們要講甚麼。

在這個階段，我覺得就是要練習逼自己一直不斷的亂講話，逼自己不能斷在meaning unit的中間。在這個階段練習口說題目時也不需要計時，因為這不是這個階段該做的事情…

第二種境界是：永遠沒有梗。

這個問題我覺得很多人都有，我覺得最好的方式就是利用xination大整理的第一第二題，擬定自己愛講的答案，講熟了以後不只遇到題目可以很快有梗，同時也可以找出一套自己愛的講話模式

比方說我就超愛講it’s kind of blah blah。這樣一套講話模式當然要修成沒有文法問題的，所以在考試時就可以更有自信不會額額。

在這階段可以找到自己的模板，並且練習時開始計時。

第三種境界就是：永遠可以講不停。

這是我自己的小觀察，大概不是甚麼絕對真理之類的東西。

其他有用的連結：

Xination大的整理

http://goo.gl/PLj8b

建議要買口說真經，雖然他的錄音聲音很誇張，但是沒有梗的時候可以參考他的sample answer，而且她收錄的題目都是有可能出現在正式考試的，一套一套好好練起來真的對口說很有幫助。

TOEFL ibt–Listening

聽力我自己第一次考時只考了23，讓我自己感到很訝異。痛定思痛以後我發現我的問題來自於作筆記時的分心。沒做筆記後聽力馬上拿30…

利用TPO檢視自己的狀態時，我發現我最常錯的題目是態度題，因為態度題往往只有一句話，一句話過了以後就沒有了，而這種態度題又常常如煙雲一般的清淡……

所以要是在做筆記，腦袋會自動忽略掉她，重聽一次才發現到講者確實有提到，而且她的態度確實很好理解，如果這發生在正式考試時，那真的會令人扼腕不已。

有的人可能會說，如果不做筆記，那做題時怎麼辦，我一開始也是抱持這種想法，拼命做筆記，然後就如同前述……最慘的是，筆記其實根本用不上。

每套聽力都會有17題，對話會出五題，課程各六，其實真的不會考很細很奇怪的地方，只要保持神智清醒，五分鐘剛過去短期記憶其實都記的住。

聽課程部分的考題時，其實真的多聽幾套就會找到他的考點，這無法言傳，但如果硬是要說的話，大概就是課程大概會以下面三種結構進行

intro

a theory

pros

cons
(TPO 22.1 anthropology)

intro

theory A

pros A

cons A

theory B

pros B
cons B
(TPO 22.1 astronomy)

intro

an event/social movement

turning point 1

turning point 2

(經典加試 ragtime music)

intro

special feature 1

specail feature 2

(有個在講鱷魚的，好像是TPO24吧?)

通常如果神智清醒的聽過去，按照這種結構去聽會比較聽得懂講者在說甚麼，考點大概就是兩個理論的異同、講者喜歡哪個理論、那個理論隱含甚麼結論、為什麼講者要提到這一點 etc.

所以考試時，最大的兩點準備方針無他，好好睡覺，好好聽課，不要寫筆記…

如果做TPO常常兩套題目總共錯超過10題，我認為應該要先停掉TPO練習，利用其他的材料來加強自己的基礎字彙、聽力理解能力。

下面幾個網址我很推薦：

BBC RADIO
http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio/

每天都可以線上收聽新聞，也可以選甚麼radio 4之類的聽廣播劇

也有部分的節目可供下載：http://www.bbc.co.uk/podcasts
像是heart & soul, everyday ethic, Science in Action

Everyday Ethics並不是教條宣說，是很棒的公衛debates之類的，比方說器捐問題等
Heart & Soul則是常討論關於不同的信仰的衝突和解等，會請比方說伊斯蘭專家上節目跟別人辯論
EARTHSKY
http://earthsky.org/

這個網站可以download一些podcast，我記得甚至有一些是有Script的，所以也是一個非常好的網站

TOEFL ibt–Reading

閱讀的出題方式其實就跟OG上所說的一模一樣，重點就是找到自己的弱項加強。

如果常常錯換字題，那代表要從單字開始加強

常常錯換句話題，那可能是太緊張漏看關鍵字，那就要想辦法讓自己冷靜
如果是有關鍵字看不懂導致選錯，那一樣要加強單字
(可以試著翻譯四個選項成中文，了解其異同，助益甚大)

常常錯插入題，那可能是對於句子的邏輯轉折關係並沒有很深刻的了解
一樣建議試著翻譯出那一段的意思，去感受為什麼自己選擇的地方不會是最好的

常常看不完，這……等等談

每個人的弱點都不大一樣，所以我覺得最好要先做三套TPO找出自己的問題在哪，就像要訂做西裝總得先量一下身材吧。

我自己的弱項是在整合題，這真的是一個讓我痛苦萬分的題型，但後來我從ptt托福版上的snark大的某篇回答中找到了一個做整合題的方式，幾乎就不再有問題了。

做整合題時，其實畫面上會有一個view article的小按鈕可以按回去看文章我所採用的策略就是先看完所有的選項，然後按回去看文章。

整合題通常都是要從六個選項中選出三個選項作為該文章的總結，也就是說，其實我們是在做outline。

outline一定是該篇文章的重點，而不是很瑣碎不重要的小例子，所以，當選項只出現在文章中的其中一段的一個小角落，不要懷疑，這孩子不會是答案。但當選項可以當作一段的總結甚至是兩段，那絕對是。托福考試的文章段數大概是4~6段左右，所以可以當作一段總結者，確實可以作為outline中的其中一個點沒錯。掌握到這點後，我便很少在整合上犯錯。

另外一個常見的問題是：讀不完
而現在新制改制之後，這個乍看之下仁慈但是藏著風險的60分鐘看3篇文章的制度，可能會讓人忘了時間而一直卡在前面，最後依然題目做不完。

我認為最好的方式是，第一次讀的時候選擇「略讀」，強迫自己只看句首句尾，每段都不要花太久的時間，只要知道大概的起承轉合就好。

這樣的好處是可以先整個看完一次該文論述又不花太多時間，而托福的出題順序也是從第一段的第一句開始出題，所以要精讀等到做題目時在精讀就好。

在壓力很大的時候，試著要一次讀懂文章我覺得不是很可能，因為壓力太大，馬上讀馬上忘……花了五六分鐘讀完文章但是做題時毫無幫助，那也難怪會讀不完。

如果是基本的文意掌握有困難，那就要從單字開始著手。托福閱讀並沒有用到高深的文法，都是高中程度就能掌握的。如果文法真的有問題，可以去找高中的文法書稍微參考一下，不需要深讀。

準備托福閱讀當然首推黃金閱讀，但如果真的覺得黃金閱讀不夠有趣，網路上也有許多材料可供練習：
經濟學人
http://www.economist.com/

BBC
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/

National Geographic
http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/

這些都是很棒的材料，也不需要花錢。
國家地理不只談人文、歷史，也有科學的部分，所以不論是文組背景還是理組背景的人都可以從中獲益。也可以點國家地理跟BBC的video看些沒有字幕的影片，練習聽力。

TOEFL ibt–General

其實托福真的是一個非常遵循出題準則的考試，在具備了了解對話內容、文句意義的程度以後，真的就會發現：

「多聽幾次就會發現聽力是怎麼考blah blah」

「閱讀不外乎是整合題很難，這樣那樣就OK」

要怎麼了解自己目前的實力如何？其實最快速的方法就是做TPO。

以前的TPO數量有限，但是現在已經有高達24套，因此先拿三套起來練習，了解自己目前的狀況，再依個人需求調整準備方式我覺得會最有效率。

這三套TPO不一定要一口氣做完，只要每一個部份的考試都按照考試規定的時間去練習就好：

閱讀每篇都限制於20分鐘內完成。
聽力就只能聽過一次，每套題目作答時間只有十分鐘。
口說按照時間進行外，利用windows內建於附屬應用程式中的錄音筆錄音，了解自己目前的口說狀況。(必要!!)
寫作整合部分就是二十分鐘內要做完，獨立則是三十分鐘。

做完以後要認真檢討自己錯的是甚麼樣的題目，然後才開始擬定真正的托福準備方針、對症下藥。

除了口說以及寫作比較無法直接了解目前的成績會是多少以外，聽力以及閱讀的部分基本上是一翻兩瞪眼的。如果這兩項無法達到二十分，那應該要先從基礎的字彙開始加強，並且練習跟讀TPO，將自己發音發錯的單字標註在Script上，因為如果發音發錯了，這會影響到拼字以及聽力，常常有人看到Script後覺得「奇怪，這個字很熟悉，有聽過，但為什麼我聽不懂」，原因其實就是發音。對著這兩個基礎治本，總分才有可能從60~70提升到80~90。而90要在更上去，則要認真了解托福到底會考些甚麼樣的題型，要怎麼準備。

另外xination大的網站很值得參考
(內有toefl總覽以及各項準備心得)

http://xination.pixnet.net/blog/post/23491546

Teach yourself Latin IX

CAPVT IX

本章介紹用來指涉事物的冠詞以及以-ius結尾的特殊形容。由於變化繁多，有點難背，一般會用ille, illa, illud以及hic, haec, hoc這樣的順序背誦，youtube有些背誦歌可以參考。

Ille, that, those

	SINGLE			PLURAL
N	Ille	Illa	Illud	Illi	Illae	Illa
G	Illius	Illius	Illius	Illorum	Illarum	Illorum
D	Illi	Illi	Illi	Illis	Illis	Illis
Ac	Illum	Illam	Illud	Illos	Illas	Illa
Ab	Illo	Illa	Illo	Illis	Illis	Illis

Hic, this, these

	SINGLE			PLURAL
N	Hic	Haec	Hoc	Hi	Hae	Haec
G	Huius	Huius	Huius	Horum	Harum	Horum
D	Huic	Huic	Huic	His	His	His
Ac	Hunc	Hanc	Hoc	Hos	Has	Haec
Ab	Hoc	Hac	Hoc	His	His	His

Iste, that (near you), that of yours

(follow the declension of ille)

	SINGLE			PLURAL
N G D Ac Ab	Iste Istius Isti Istum Isto	Ista Istius Isti Istam Ista	Istud Istius Isti Istud Isto	Isti Istorum Istis Istos Istis	Istae Istarum Istis Istas Istis	Ista Istorum Istis Ista Istis

上述這些字都可以用來指涉事物，好比說hic liber便指這本書，而ille liber說那本書(距離發話者較遠，或者是比較靠近談話對象)。Hic與ille有時可以等同於英文中的the former或是the latter。在某些狀況下，這幾個詞會比其他像是他的、你的、我的等等的指稱詞還要有力道，比方說hic rex就可能隱含有有名的意思，所以可以翻成this famous king；而iste則有時會有負面意涵，被翻譯做英文中的such，好比說iste tyrannus可以翻成that despicable tyrant。

在拉丁文中有九個比較特殊，以-ius結尾的形容詞：


U	Unus, -a, -um	One
N	Nullus, -a, -um	No, none
U	Ullus, -a, -um	Any
S	Solus, -a, um	Alone, only

N	Neuter, neutra, neutrum	Neither
A	Alius, -a, –ud	Another, other
U	Uter, utra, utrum	Either, which (of two)
T	Totus, -a, -um	Whole, entire
A	Alter, altera, alterum	The other (of two)

這九個形容詞可以用一個水手(UNUS NAUTA)來記，除了alius的中性是以-ud結尾外，其餘大致在主格時都遵守-us, -a, -um的規則，在不同格時的變化基本上也與ille, illius同，唯獨alius在修飾單數名詞時，三性之屬格已Alterius表現，而在中性的受格是以aliud方式呈現，而非-um。簡單用表格表示如下：

	Solus (Sg.)			Alius (Sg.)
N	Solus	Sola	Solum	Alius	Alia	Aliud
G	Solius	Solius	Solius	Alterius	Alterius	Alterius
D	Soli	Soli	Soli	Alii	Alii	Alii
Ac	Solum	Solam	Solum	Alium	Aliam	Aliud
Ab	Solo	Sola	Solo	Alio	Alia	Alio
PL.	Soli	Solae	Sola	Alii	Aliae	Alia

VOCABVLA

NUON
Locus, loci	m	Place, passage in literature
Loca, locorum	n	Places, region
Loci, locorum	m	Passage in literature
Morbus, morbi	m	Disease, sickness
Stadium, studii	n	Eagerness, zeal, pursuit, study
DEMONSTRATIVE
Hic, haec, hoc		This; the latter; at times weakened to he, she, it, they
Ille, illa, illud		That, the former; the famous; he, she, it, they
Iste, ista, istud		That of yours, that; such; sometimes with contemptuous force, e.g., that despicable, that wretched
ADJECTIVE
Alius, alia, aliud		Other, another; alii…alii, some…others
Alter, altera, alterum		The other (of two), second
Neuter, neutra, neutrum		Not either, neither
Nullus, nulla, nullum		Not any, no, none
Solus, sola, solum		Alone, only, the only; non solum…sed etiam, not only…but also
Totus, tota, totum		Whole, entire
Ullus, ulla, ullum		Any
Unus, una, unum		One, single, alone
Uter, utra, utrum		Either, which (of two)
OTHER
Enim	Conj.	For, in fact, truly
In	Prep.	+acc., into, toward; against
Nimis, nimium	Adv.	Too, too much, excessively

EXERCITATIONES

1. Hic tōtus liber litterās Rōmānās semper laudat.

This entire book always praises Roman literature.

先從動詞分析得知主格應該是單數名詞，而litteras Romanas從字尾得知為動詞作用對象，而剩下的hic totus liber為單數名詞主格形式。

2. Hī igitur illīs deābus herī grātiās agēbant.

These men, therefore, gave thanks to those goddesses yesterday.

從agebant得知時態為未完成式，主格為複數名詞，但illis deabus為與格，所以主格應為hi (viri)。

3. Illud dē vitiīs istīus rēgīnae nunc scrībam, et ista poenās dabit.

I shall now write that about the vices of that despicable queen, and that woman will pay the penalty.

4. Neuter alterī plēnam cōpiam pecūniae tum dabit.

Neither man will then give a full supply of money to the other.

從dabit知道主格是單數名詞，且時態為未來式。而plenam copiam為受格，pecuniae可能為複數的主格，但從動詞的字尾將此可能性刪除，故可能為屬格。而alteri從字尾得知是與格。

5. Potestne laus ūllīus terrae esse perpetua?

Can the glory of any land be perpetual?

6. Labor ūnīus numquam poterit hās cōpiās vincere.

The work of one man will be able to never overcome these troops.

7. Mōrēs istīus scrīptōris erant nimis malī.

The character of that writer was extremely evil.

8. Nūllī magistrī, tamen, sub istō vēra docēre audēbant.

Nevertheless, no teacher (Pl. in Lat.) dared to teach true things under that man.

Isto是陽性的離格，與vera分屬不同性，所以兩者是分開的意義單元，翻譯時須注意。

9. Valēbitne pāx in patriā nostrā post hanc victōriam?

Will peace be strong in our fatherland after this victory?

10. Dum illī ibi remanent, aliī nihil agunt, aliī discunt.

While those men remain there, some do nothing, others learn.

11. Cicero was writing about the glory of the other man and his wife.

Cicero de gloria alterius viri et uxoris scribebat.

12. The whole state was thanking this man’s brother alone.

Civitas tota fratri huius viri soli gratias agebat.

13. On account of that courage of yours those (men) will lead no troops into these places tomorrow.

Propter istam virtutem, illi non copias in haec loca cras ducent.

14. Will either book be able to overcome the faults of these times?

Poteritne uter liber vitia horum temporum vincere?

SENTENTIAE ANTIQUAE

1. Ubi illās nunc vidēre possum? (Terence.)

Where can I see those women now?

2. Hic illam virginem in mātrimōnium dūcet. (Terence. — mātrīmōnium, –iī, n., marrage)

This man will lead that virgin into marrage.

3. Huic cōnsiliō palmam dō. (Terence. –palma, –ae, f., palm branch of victory)

I give the palm branch to this decision.

4. Virtūtem enim illīus virī amāmus. (Cicero.)

We truly love the virtue of that man.

5. Sōlus hunc iuvāre potes. (Terence.)

You alone can help this man.

6. Poena istīus ūnīus hunc morbum cīvitātis relevābit sed perīculum semper remanēbit. (Cicero. –relevāre, to relieve, diminish)

The punishment of that one man will relieve this illness of the state, but the danger will always remain.

7. Hī enim dē exitiō huius cīvitātis et tōtīus orbis terrārum cōgitant. (Cicero. –orbis, orbis, m., cycle, orb; orbis terrarium, the world)

These men are truly thinking about the destruction of this state and the entire world.

8. Est nūllus locus utrī hominī in hāc terrā. (Martial.)

There is no place for either man in this land.

9. Nōn sōlum ēventus hoc docet — iste est magister stultōrum! — sed etiam ratiō. (Livy. — ēventus, outcome)

Not only does the outcome teach this – that man is the teacher of fools! – but also reason (does).

WHEN I HAVE… ENOUGH!

下面兩則短文都是關於「足夠」這件事情，短短的幾句話就把人的困境刻畫出來。

(Martial 12.10; meter: choliambic. — Africānus, –ī, a name– mīliēns, million –captāre, to hunt for legacies)

Habet Africānus mīliēns, tamen captat.

Fortūna multīs dat nimis, satis nūllī.

Africanus has million; nevertheless, he hunts for the legacies.

Fortune gives too much to many, enough for no one.

下面這則短文改編自Seneca的文章。Seneca是歷史上著名的暴君尼祿(Nero)的教師，他的著作多半要求人要追求道德、智慧等，但是他的學生似乎不為所動，最後為尼祿所令，自殺而亡。

這篇短文要求人不要有藉口，說自己因為沒有足夠的金錢而無暇追求哲學，要將自己獻身於智慧，而非金錢。有點諷刺的是，當代有些教導哲學的人，卻是教授如何以哲學賺大錢，哲學變成一種工具，而非目的。

(Seneca, Epistulae 17.5.)

–vīs, you wish –studēre, +dat., to be eager for, devote oneself to–frūgālitās, –tātis, f., recall that many. –paupertas, -tatis, f., small means, poverty. –voluntarius, -a, -um, =Eng. –tollere, to take away. –excusatio, onis, f., excuse. –nondum, adv., not yet. –totum, entire (but if translating it into English, entirely would be better). –incipe, begin!

Sī vīs studēre philosophiae animōque, hoc studium nōn potest valēre sine frūgālitāte.

If you wish to devote yourself to philosophy and the soul, this study can’t be strong without recalling many times.

Haec frūgālitās est paupertās voluntāria.

This repeation is a voluntary poverty.

Tolle, igitur, istās excūsātiōnēs: “Nōndum satis pecūniae habeō. Sī quandō illud ‘satis’ habēbō, tum mē tōtum philosophiae dabō.”

Therefore, take away those excuses: “I have no enough money. If ever I will have that enough, then I will give myself entirely to philosophy.”

Incipe nunc philosophiae, nōn pecūniae, studēre.

Begin, now, to devote yourself to philosophy, not pecuniae.

Teach yourself Latin VIII

CAPVT VIII

本章要介紹的是第三變化的動詞，其變化如下：

Present indicative Agere (lead) I lead	Future indicative Agere I will lead	Imperfect indicative Agere I was leading	Imperative active
Ag-o Ag-is Ag-it Agimus Agitis Agunt	Ag-am Ag-es Ag-et Agemus Agetis Agent	Ag-ebam Ag-ebas Ag-ebat Agebamus Agebatis Agebant	Age! (Sg.) Agite! (Pl.)

第三變化的動詞在字尾上的變化與先前介紹過的第一第二變化動詞略有不同，而且非常容易搞混。第三變化動詞在現在式時除了第一人稱單數動詞直接以-o結尾外，其餘變化相似於第一第二變化的未來式；但第三變化的動詞在未來式時，結尾又類同於第一第二變化的現在式。所以在判斷時務必要先從該動詞是屬於哪一個變化開始，然後才能知道此動詞的時態為何。

VOCABVLA

NOUN
Cicero, ciceronis	m	Cicero
Copia, copiae	f	Abundance, supply
Copiae, copiarum	f	Pl., supplies, troops, forces
Frater, fatris	m	Brother
Laus, laudis	f	Praise, glory, fame
Libertas, libertatis	f	Liberty
Ratio, rationis	f	Reckoning, account; reason, judgment
Scriptor, scriptoris	m	Writer, author
Soror, sororis	f	Sister
Victoria, victoriae	f	Victory
OTHER
dum	Conj.	While, as long as, at the same time that XXX, until
ex	Prep.	+abl., out, out of, from, from within; by reason of, on account of; following cardinal numbers, of
numquam	Adv.	never
tamen	Adv.	Nevertheless, still
VERB
Ago, agere, egi, actum		To drive, lead, do, act; pass, spend Gratias agere+dat., to give thanks to
Demonstro, demonstare, demonstravi, demostratum		To point out, show, demonstrate
Disco, discere, didici		To learn
Doceo, docere, docui, doctum		To teach
Duco, ducere, duxi, ductum		To lead; consider, regard; prolong
Gero, gerere, gessi, gestum		To carry, carry on, manage, conduct, wage, accomplish
Scribo, scribere, scripsi, scriptum		To write, compose
Traho, trahere, traxi, tractum		To draw, drag, derive, acquire
Vinco, vincere, vici, victum		To conauer, overcome

Exercitationes

1. Tempora nostra nunc sunt mala; vitia nostra, magna.

Our times are now bad; our vices are great.

2. Quārē soror mea uxōrī tuae litterās scrībit (scrībet, scrībēbat)?

Why does my sister write a letter to your wife?

3. Tyrannus populum stultum ē terrā vestrā dūcet (dūcit, dūcēbat).

The tyrant will lead the foolish people out of your land.

4. Ubi satis ratiōnis animōrumque in hominibus erit?

When will there be enough reason and courage in humans?

5. Cōpia vērae virtūtis multās culpās superāre poterat.

The abundance of true virtue was able to overcome many faults.

6. In līberā cīvitāte adulēscentiam agēbāmus.

We used to spend our youth in the free state.

7. Rēgem malum tolerāre numquam dēbēmus.

We should never tolerate a bad king.

8. Post parvam moram multa verba dē īnsidiīs scrīptōrum stultōrum scrībēmus.

After a little delay, we will write many words of the treachery of foolish writers.

9. The body will remain there under the ground.

Ibi corpus sub terra remanebit.

10. Write (sg. and pl.) many things about the glory of our state.

Scribe, scribite multa de gloria civitatis nostrae.

11. Does reason always lead your (pl) queen to virtue?

Agitne semper ration reginam vestram ad virtutem?

12. We shall always see many Greek names there.

Multa nomina Graeca ibi semper videbimus.

SENTENTIAE ANTIQUAE

1. Frāter meus vītam in ōtiō semper aget. (Terence.)

My brother will always spend his life in leisure.

2. Age, age! Iuvā mē! Dūc mē ad secundum fīlium meum. (Terence. — age, age=come on, get moving!)

Come, come! Help me! Lead me to my second son.

3. O amīcī, lībertātem perdimus. (Laberius. –perdere, to destory)

Oh friends, we are destroying liberty.

4. Nova perīcula populō Rōmānō expōnam sine morā. (Cicero. — expōnere, to set forth, expose)

I shall expose the new dangers for the Roman people without delay.

5. Numquam perīculum sine perīculō vincēmus. (Publilius Syrus.)

We shall never conquer danger without danger.

6. Ex meīs errōribus hominibus rēctum iter dēmōnstrāre possum. (Seneca. –error, errōris, m.=Eng.– rectus, -a, -um, right – iter, itineris, n., road, way)

From my errors, I can show the right way to people.

7. Catullus Mārcō Tulliō Cicerōnī magnās grātiās agit. (Catullus.

Catullus gives great thanks to Marcus Tullius Cicero.

8. Eximia fōrma virginis oculōs hominum convertit. (Livy. — eximius, -a, -um, extraordinary— convertere, to turn around, attract)

The extraordinary beauty of the maiden attracts people’s eyes.

9. Agamemnon magnās cōpiās ē terrā Graecā ad Trōiam dūcet, ubi multōs virōs necābit. (Cicero. — Agamemnon, -nonis)

Agamemnon will lead the great troops from the Greek land to Troy, where he will kill many men.

10. Amor laudis hominēs trahit. (Cicero.)

Love of praise draws men.

11. Auctōrēs pācis Caesar cōnservābit. (Cicero. — auctor, -tōris, m., author)

Caesar will protect authors of peace.

12. Inter multās cūrās labōrēsque carmina scrībere nōn possum. (Horace. — inter prep+ acc., among)

Among many worries and labors, I cannot write poems.

13. Dum in magnā urbe dēclāmās, mī amīce, scrīptōrem trōiāni bellī in ōtiō relegō. — Trōiānus -a -um. ( -urbs, Urbis, f. city. –declamare, to declaim. –Troianus, -a, -um. – relegere, to re-read)

While you, my friend, declaim in a large city, I reread the writer of the Trojan war in my leisure.

14. Nōn vītae, sed scholae, discimus. (*Seneca. — vītae and scholae, dat., expressing purpose)

We learn not for life, but for school.

15. Hominēs, dum docent, discunt. (*Seneca.)

While men teach, they learn.

16. Ratiō mē dūcet, nōn fortūna. (Livy.)

Reason will lead me, not fortune.

CICERO ON THE ETHICS OF WAGING WAR

Cicero. Dē Officiīs 1.11.34-36 and Dē Pūblicā 3.23.34-35, and see L.A. 7 for a fuller adaptation.

–causa, -ae, f., cause– dēfendere, =Eng. –aut, conj., or. –autem, conj., however–necessaries, -a, –um, necessary –clēmentia, –ae, mildness, gentleness, mercy)

Cīvitās bellum sine causā bonā aut propter īram gerere nōn dēbet.

A state should not wage war without good cause or because of anger.

Sī fortūnās et agrōs vītāsque populī nostrī sine bellō dēfendere poterimus, tum pācem cōnservāre dēbēbimus;

If we will be able to defend the fortunes, fields, and lifes of our people, then we (will) should preserve peace.

sī, autem, nōn poterimus servāre pātriam lībertātemque nostram sine bellō, bellum erit necessārium.

If, however, we will not be able to save our fatherland and liberties withour war, a war will be necessary.

Semper dēbēmus dēmōnstrāre, tamen, magnum officium in bellō, et magnam clēmentiam post victōriam.

We should always demonstrate, nevertheless, great duty in war, and great mercy after victory.

Teach yourself Latin VII

CAPVT VII

本章介紹名詞的第三變化。此變化含有陽性、陰性、中性名詞，其變化如下：

Rex, m, king Reg-		Virtus, f, merit Virtut-	Reges, m, kings Reg-	Virtutes, f, merits Virtut-
N G D Ac Ab Vo	Reg Regis Regi Regem Rege Rex	Virtus Virtutis Virtuti Virtutem Virtute Virtus	Reges Regum Regibus Reges Regibus Reges	Virtutes Virtutum Virtutibus Virtutes Virtutibus Virtutes
Homo, m, man Homin-		Corpus, n , body Corpor-	Homines, m, men Homin-	Corpora, n, body Corpor-
N G D Ac Ab Vo	Homo Hominis Homini Hominem Homine Homo	Corpus Corporis Corpori Corpus Corpore Corpus	Homines Hominum Hominibus Homines Hominibus Homines	Corpora Corporum Corporibus Corpora Corporibus Corpora

在第三變化中，陽性名詞如rex、homo變化的字根都與其主格有別，必須特別注意。而Corpus以-us結尾，可以透過其屬格corporis確認其為第三變化的中性名詞，而非第二變化的陽性名詞。在第三變化中，中性名詞在變化時略與其他性有所不同，其於單數受格時與主格同形，複數時主格與受格皆以-a為結尾。

Vocabula

NOUN
Amor, amoris	m	Love
Carmen, carminis	f	Song, poem
Civitas, civitatis	f	State, citizenship
Corpus,corporis	n	Body
Homo, hominis	m	Man, human being
Labor, laboris	m	Labor, work, toil; awork, production
Littera, litterae	f	A letter of the alphabet
Litterae,litterarum	f	Pl., a letter (epistle), literature
Mos,moris	m	Habit, custom, manner
Mores, morum	m	Pl., habits, morals, character[1]
Nomen, nominis	n	Name
Pax, pacis	f	Peace
Regina, reginae	f	Queen
Rex, regis	m	King
Tempus, temporis	n	Time; occasion, opportunity
Terra, terrae	f	Earth, ground, land, country
Uxor, uxoris	f	Wife
Virgo, virtutis	f	Maiden, virgin
Virtus, virtutis	f	Manliness, courage; excellence, character, worth, virtue
ADJECTIVE
Novus, nova, novum		new
OTHER
post	Prep.	+acc, after, behind
sub	Prep.	+acc., with verbs of motion, +abl., with verbs of rest, under, up under, close to ; down to/into, to/at the foot of
VERB
Audio, audere, ausus sum		To dare
Neco, necare, necavi, necatum		To murder, kill

Exercitationes

1. Secundās litterās discipulae herī vidēbās et de verbīs tum cōgitābās.

You saw the student’s second letter yesterday and then thought about the words.

注意，此處的litteras是複數形，如果是做字母，那第二個字母也應該是單數而不是複數，應該翻成letter。

2. Fēminae sine morā cīvitātem dē īnsidiīs et exitiō malō monēbunt.

The women will warn the state about the ambush and evil destruction without delay.

3. Rēx et rēgīnā igitur crās nōn audēbunt ibi remanēre.

The king and queen, therefore, will not dare remain there tomorrow.

4. Mōrēs graecōrum nōn erant sine culpīs vitiīsque.

The Greeks’ character was not without faults and vices.

翻譯時要注意Mores的意思跟mos不盡相同。

5. Quandō hominēs satis virtūtis habēbunt?

When will men have enough virtue?

6. Corpora vestra sunt sāna et animī sunt plēnī sapientiae.

Your bodies are sound and your minds are full of wisdom.

7. Propter mōrēs hūmānōs pācem vēram nōn habēbimus.

Because of human character we will not have true peace.

8. Poteritne cīvitās perīcula temporum nostrōrum superāre?

Will the state be able to overcome the dangers of our times?

9. Post bellum multōs librōs dē pāce et remediīs bellī vidēbant.

After war, they used to see many books about peace and the remedies of war.

10. Officia sapientiamque oculīs animī possumus vidēre.

We can see duties and wisdom by the eyes of the spirit.

Oculis animi是靈魂之眼的意思，類同於我們說靈魂之窗是眼睛。而這邊的oculis是ablative case，是by such and such的意思。

11. Without sound character we cannot have peace.

Sine moribus sanis pacem habere non possumus.

12. Many students used to have small time for Greek literature.

Multi discipuli parvum tempus litteris Graecis habebant.

13. After bad times true virtue and much labor will help the state.

Post tempora mala virtus vera et labor multus civitatem adiuvabunt.

14. The daughters of your friends were dining there yesterday.

Ibi filiae amicorum vestrorum heri cenabant.

SENTENTIAE ANTIQUAE

1. Homō sum. (*Terence.)

I am a man.

2. Nihil sub sōle novum (*Ecclesiastes. –sōl, sōlis, m, sun – novum: sc. est.)

Nothing beneath the sun is new.

3. Carmina nova dē adulēscentiā virginibus puerīsque nunc cantō. (Horace. –cantāre, to sing)

I now sing new songs about youth for maidens and boys.

4. Laudās fortūnam et mōrēs antīquae plēbis. (*Horace. –plēbs, plēbis, f, the common people)

You praise the fortune and character of the ancient people.

這邊的plebis是英文的plebe的來源，但是這個詞彙在現在已經有負面意涵，像是低下的群眾等義，所以這邊還是翻成people比較好，畢竟是稱頌plebis。

5. Bonī propter amōrem virtūtis peccāre ōdērunt. (Horace. –peccāre, to sin –ōdērunt, to hate)

Because of love of virtue, good men will hate to sin.

6. Sub prīncipe dūrō temporibusque malīs audēs esse bonus. (Martial. –prīnceps –cipis, m, chief, prince；dūrus, -a, –um, hard, harsh)

Under a harsh chief and bad times, you dare to be good.

7. Populus stultus virīs indignīs honōrēs saepe dat. (Horace. –honor, -nōris, m, honour, office–indignus, -a, –um, unworthy)

Foolish people often give honour to unworthy men.

8. Nōmina stultōrum in parietibus et portīs semper vidēmus. (Cicero. — pariēs –etis, m, wall of building)

We always see names of fools on the walls and gates of buildings.

9. ōtium sine litterīs mors est. (*Seneca. –mors, mortis, f, death)

Leisure without literature is death.

10. Multae nātiōnēs servitūtem tolerāre possunt; nostra cīvitās nōn potest. Praeclāra est recuperātiō lībertātis. (Cicero. –nation, –ōnis, nation–servitūs, –tūtis, servitude–praeclārus, -a, –um, noble, remarkable–recuperation, –ōnis, recovery –lībertās –tātis, freedom)

Many nations can tolerate slavery; our state cannot. The recovery of liberty is remarkable.

11. Nihil sine magnō labōre vīta mortālibus dat. (Horace. –mortālis, –tālis, a mortal)

Life gives nothing to mortals without great effort.

12. Quōmodo in perpetuā pāce salvī et līberī esse poterimus? (Cicero. –quōmodo, how)

How will we be able to be safe and free in perpetual peace?

13. Glōria in altissimīs Deō et in terrā pāx hominibus bonae voluntātis. (*Luke. –altissimus abl., pl, the highest –voluntās, –tātis, will)

Glory to God in the highest and peace to men of good will on earth.

THE RAPE OF LUCRETIA

Rapuit, raped. –se, herself.—necavit, a past form of to kill.—Tarquinios, the entire royal family (Livy 1.58)

Tarquinius Superbus erat rēx Rōmānōrum, et Sextus Tarquinius erat fīlius malus tyrannī.

Tarquinius Superbus was the king of Rome, and Sextus Tarquinius was the evil son of the tyrant.

Sextus Lucrētiam, uxōrem Collātīnī, rapuit, et fēmina bona, propter magnum amōrem virtūtis, sē necāvit.

Sextus Lucrētiam raped the wife of Collatinus, and the good female, because of great love of virtue, she killed herself.

Rōmānī antīquī virtūtem animōsque Lucrētiae semper laudābant et Tarquiniōs culpābant.

Ancient Roman men always preaised virtues and courages of Lucretiae and blamed Tarquinios.

CATULLUS DEDICATES HIS POETRY BOOK

Catullus 1, prose adaptation; see L.I. 1. Catullus dedicated his first book of poems to the historian and biographer Cornelius Nepos. — doctus, -a, -um, learned, schoolarly

Cornēliō, virō magnae sapientiae, dabō pulchrum librum novum.

I give Cornelius, a man of great wisdom, a new pretty book.

Cornēlī, mī amīce, librōs meōs semper laudābās, et es magister doctus litterārum!

Cornelius, my friend, you always praised my books, and you are a learned master of literature!

Quārē habē novum labōrem meum: fāma librī (et tua fāma) erit perpetua.

Therefore, have my new book: the reputation of book (and your reputation) will be perpetual.

[1] Morse的意義與單數形的mos有所不同。其中，Mores雖然為複數形但具有英文的character之意。在Golden Age時期，並沒有morals跟character之意。

Teach yourself Latin VI

CAPVT VI

Sum and Possum

本章除了介紹sum的未來式(future indicative)以及未完成式(imperfect indicative)外，還介紹可以、能夠等表述行為能力的動詞possum(to be able, to be capable)。

Future Indicative (sumàero)		Imperfect Indicative (sumàeram)
Ero Eris Erit Erimus Eritis Erunt	I shall/will be You will He/she/it will We will You will They will	Eram Eras Erat Eramus Eratis Erant	I was You were He/she/it was We were You were They were

基本上，除了第一人稱單數以外，這些變化大部分都遵守先前所提及的人稱字尾變化，像是erimus跟eramus都一樣保有mus結尾。這點在下面要介紹的能力動詞依舊遵守。事實上，描述能力的動詞不過就是在上述的future indicative、 imperfect indicative以及前幾章中所提到的present indicative前面加上pos或是pot來表達未來可以、過去可以或是現在可以。加上pos或是pot基本上是為了好發音，所以像sum以s開頭，就加上pos-sum。很簡單吧！

Present indicative I am able, can	Future indicative I will/shall abe able, can	Imperfect indicative I was able, could
Pos-sum Pot-es Pot-est Pos-sumus Pot-estis Pos-sunt	Pot-ero Pot-eris Pot-erit Pot-erimus Pot-eritis Pot-erunt	Pot-eram Pot-eras Pot-erat Pot-eramus Pot-eratis Pot-erant

上述又稱之為complemetary infinitive，因為就像是英文中的to be able，只說possum並不是一個完整的不定式，還需要有其他的不定動詞來補充他。好比說我們先前看過的debere(should, ought, must)，他也需要與其他不定動詞搭配。參考下面幾個例子或許會更容易了解一點：

Amici nostri poterant superare multa pericula.

Our friends can conquer many dangers.

Amicus meus remanere non potest.

My friend cannot remain.

Debes conservare pecuiam tuam.

You should save your money.

要注意的是，complementary infinitive跟他依附的動詞所作用的對象相同。

Vocabula

NOUN
Deus, -i[1]	m	Voc. Sg., deus, Nom. Pl., di, dat., and abl.,dis( the plurals dei and deis became common during Augustan Period) Dea, deae, f, dat. and abl., pl., deabus, godess
Discipulus, discipuli	m	Learner, pupil, student Discipula, discipulae, f
Insidiae, insidiarum[2]	f	Pl., ambush, plot, treachery
Liber, libri	m	Book
Tyrannus, tyranni	m	Absolute ruler, tyrant
Vitium, vitii	n	Fault, crime, vice
ADJECTIVE
Greacus, -a, -um		Greek
Perpetuus, -a, -um		Perpetual, lasting, uninterrupted
Plenus, -a, -um		Full, abundant, generous
Salvus, -a, um		Safe, sound
Secundus, -a, -um		Second; favourable
Vester, vestra, vestrum		Your, yours pl.
OTHER
-que	Conj.	And (attached to the second of two words to be joined)
Ubi	Adv. Conj.	Where, when; interrogative, where?
Ibi	Adv.	There
Nunc	Adv.	Now
Quare	Adv.	Because of which thing (qua re); more commonly, therefore
VERB
Possum, posse, potui		To be able, can, could, have power
Tolero, tolerare, toleravi, toleratum		To bear, endure

Exercitationes

1. Oculī nostrī nōn valēbant; quārē agrōs bellōs vidēre nōn poterāmus.

Our eyes were not strong; therefore, we used to not be able to see the pretty fields.

2. Sine multā pecūniā et multīs dōnīs tyrannus satiāre populum Rōmānum nōn poterit.

Without much money and many gifts, the tyrant will not be able to satisfy the Roman people.

3. Nōn poterant, igitur, tē dē poenā amīcōrum tuōrum herī monēre.

Therefore, they were not able to warn you about the penalty of your friends yesterday.

4. Parvus numerus Graecōrum crās ibi remanēre poterit.

A small number of the Greeks will be able to stay there tomorrow.

5. Magister puerōs malōs sine morā vocābit.

The teacher will call the bad boys without delay.

6. Fīliae vestrae dē librīs magnī poētae saepe cōgitābant.

Your daughters often thought about the books of great poets.

7. Quandō satis sapientiae habēbimus?

When will we have enough wisdom?

8. Multī librī antīquī propter sapientiam cōnsiliumque erant magnī.

Because of wisdom and advice, many ancient books were great.

9. Glōria bonōrum librōrum semper manēbit.

The glory of good books will always remain.

10. Possuntne pecūnia ōtiumque cūrās vītae hūmānae superāre?

Can money and leisure conquer the anxiety of human life?

11. Therefore, we cannot always see the real vices of a tyrant.

Vera, igitur, vitia tyranni non semper possumus videre.

12. Few free men will be able to tolerate an absolute ruler.

Pauci liberi tyrannum tolerare poterunt.

13. Many Romans used to praise the great books of the ancient Greeks.

Multi Romani magnos libros Graecorum antiquorum laudabant.

14. Where can glory and (use -que) fame be perpetual?

Ubi possunt gloria famaque esse perpetuae?

SENTENTIAE ANTIQUAE

1. Dionysius tum erat tyrannus Syracūsānōrum. (Cicero.– Dionysius, -iī, m—a Greek name. –Syrācūsānus, –ī, a syracusan.)

Dionysius was, at that time, the tyrant of the Syracusans.

2. Optāsne meam vītam fortūnamque gustāre? (Cicero. — optāre, to wish– gustāre, to taste)

Do you wish to taste my life and fortune?

3. Possumusne, O dī, in malīs īnsidiīs et magnō exitiō esse salvī? (Cicero.)

Can we be safe, O gods, in evil treachery and great destruction?

4. Propter cūram meam in perpetuō perīculō nōn eritis. (Cicero.)

Because of my attention, you will not be in continuous danger.

5. Propter vitia tua multī tē culpant et nihil tē in patriā tuā dēlectāre nunc potest. (Cicero. — dēlectāre, to delight)

Because of your vices, many men blame you and nothing can delight you now in your country now.

6. Fortūna Pūnicī bellī secundī varia erat. (Livy. — Pūnicus, -a, –um, Punic, Carthaginian. — varius, -a, –um, varied)

The fortune of the second Punic war was varied.

7. Patria Rōmānōrum erat plēna Graecōrum librōrum statuārumque pulchrārum. (Cicero. — statua –ae, f, statue)

The fatherland of the Romans was full of Greek books and pretty statues.

8. Sine dīs et deābus in caelō animus nōn potest sānus esse. (Seneca.)

Without the gods and goddesses in the sky, the soul cannot be sound.

9. Sī animus īnfīrmus est, nōn poterit bonam fortūnam tolerāre. (Publilius Syrus. –īnfīrmus, -a, –um, not strong, weak)

If the spirit is weak, it will not be able to tolerate good fortune.

10. Ubi lēgēs valent, ibi populus līber potest valēre. (Publilius Syrus. –lēgēs, pl., laws)

Where the laws are strong, the free people there can be strong.

雖然在英文通常都是用單數的law來談，但是羅馬人習慣用複數的leges來說法律，這點在翻譯時需要注意。

“I DO NOT LOVE THEE, DOCTOR FELL”

這則短文有個很有趣的故事：有個牛津大學的學生Tom Brown被Dr. John Fell威脅要開除他。Dr. Fell告訴Tom，如果他能夠翻譯這則短文，那就開除他。這就是這則短文被稱之為《我不愛您，Dr. Fell》的原因。

(*Martial 1.32; meter: elegiac couplet. amo: the -ō ending often shortened in Latin poetry.–Sabidius, -iī the name of Martial’s perhaps fictious target. –nec=et nōn. — dīcere, say– hoc, acc., this– tantum, adv., only)

Nōn amo tē, Sabidī, nec possum dīcere quārē.

I do not love you, Sabidi, and I cannot say why.

Hoc tantum possum dīcere: nōn amo tē.

This only, I can say: I do not love you

THE HISTORIAN LIVY LAMENTS THE DECLINE OF ROMAN MORALS

這則短文是改編自李維(Livy)的《羅馬建城紀年》(Ab Urbe Condita)中的一小段文字。

Nec…nec…, conj., neither…nor.

Populus Rōmānus magnōs animōs et paucās culpās habēbat.

Roman people used to have great souls and little faults.

Dē officiīs nostrīs cōgitābāmus et glōriam bellī semper laudābāmus.

We used to think about our duty and always praised the glory of war.

Sed nunc multum ōtium habēmus, et multī sunt avārī. Nec vitia nostra nec remedia tolerāre possumus.

But now we have much leisure, and many men are greedy. Neither other vices nor remedy can we tolerate.

[1] Little chart for memorising:

	God, Sg.	God, Pl.	Pl. After Augustus	Godess, Sg.	Godess, Pl.
N G D Ac Ab Voc	Deus Dei Deo Deum Deo Deus	Di Diorum Dis Dias Dis Di	Dei Deis	Dea Deae Deae Deam Dea Dea	Deae Dearum Deabus Deas Deabus Deae

[2] 雖然insidiae是複數形式，但是其意義是單數的ambush等，在翻譯時要注意。

Teach yourself Latin V

CAPVT V

前面四章我們都只學到現在式，在第五章Wheelock’s latin開始介紹未來式(future)以及未完成式(imperfect)。以第一章時所提過的laudare以及monere為例，其在未來式的變化如下：

Laudabo

Laudabis

Laudabit

Laudabimus

Laudabitis

Laudabunt

I will/shall praise

You will praise

He/she/it will praise

We will praise

You will praise

They will praise

Monebo

Monebis

Monebit

Monebimus

Monebitis

Monebunt

I will/shall warn/advise

You will warn/advise

He/she/it warn/advise

We will warn/advise

You will warn/advise

They will warn/advise

注意到了嗎？拉丁文表達未來式的方式是在字尾中分別加上bo/bi/bi/bi/bi/bu於其中，並且維持最後面的人稱的標示。

而未完成式(imperfect)也以類似的方式表現，但是是以ba插入：

Laudabam

Laudabas

Laudabat

Laudabamus

Laudabatis

Laudabant

I was/kept praising

You was/kept praise

He/she/it was/kept praise

We was/kept praise

You was/kept praise

They was/kept praise

Monebam

Monebas

Monebat

Monebamus

Monebatis

Monebant

I was/kept warn/advise

You was/kept warn/advise

He/she/it was/kept warn/advise

We was/kept warn/advise

You was/kept warn/advise

They was/kept warn/advise

所以其實看到laudabam時我們可以拆解成lauda-ba-m (praise-was-I)。

在翻譯時，未來式就只要加上will就可以，但是未完成式的翻譯就比較複雜。因為未完成式表示該動作可能在過去那段時間式持續或者一直進展，所以用這樣的形式表達的動詞其實可能表示該動作是(1)were going on, (2)repeated, (3)habitual, (4)attempted, (5)just beinging。所以Nautam monebam可以翻譯成：

I was warning the sailor.

I kept warning the sailor.

I tried to warn the sailor.

I was beginning to warn the sailor.

有的時候，拉丁文的imperfect tense也可以翻成英文中的simple past tense，尤其是有副詞去指陳該動詞的持續性時，好比說以下兩個例子：

Nautam saepe monebam.

I often warned the sailor.

Magister puellas semper laudabat.

The teacher always praise the girls.

但基本上，要怎麼翻譯還是要看上下文，只是現階段都是以單一句字來練習翻譯，所以可以有很多種可能性。

ADJECTIVE

在前面四章我們所看到的形容詞都是以-us, -a, -um方式結尾，但事實上有一些形容詞在陽性時是以-er結尾，他的變化有點像是第二章所介紹的puer與ager，與一般-us結尾者不同：

Liber (free)				Pulcher (beautiful)
M		F	N	M	F	N
liber		libera	liberum	pulcher	pulchra	pulchrum
N G D	Liber Liberi Libero	Libera Liberae Liberae	Liberrum Liberi Libero	Pulcher Pulchri Pulchro	Pulchra Pulchrae Pulchrae	Pulchrum Pulchri Pulchro

Vocabula

NOUN
Adulēscentia, -ae	f	Youth, young manhood; youthfulness
Animus, i	m	Soul, spirit, mind; animi, anumorum, high spirits
Caelum, i	n	Sky, heaven
Culpa, -ae	f	Fault, blame
Gloria, -ae	f	Glory, fame
Verbum, -i	n	word
Te		Abl. & acc.,you; yourself
ADJECT
Liber, libera, liberum		free
Pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum		Beautiful, handsome; fine
Noster, nostra, nostrum		our
Sanus, sana, sanum		Sound, healthy, sane
OTHER
Igitur	Conj.	Therefore, consequently (can’t be the first word)
-ne		Attached to the first word, typically a verb or another word on which the question hinges, to introduce a question whose answer is uncertain
propter	Prep.	+acc., on account of, because of
Cras	Adv.	Yesterday
Heri	Adv.	Today
Quando		When; si quando, if ever
Satis	Indecl. Noun, Adj, Adv,	Enough, sufficient
Tum	Adv.	Then, at that time; thereupon, in the next place
VERB
Ceno, cenare, cenavi, cenatum		To dine
Culpo, culpare, culavi, culatum		To blame, censure
Maneo, manere, mansi, mansum		To remain, stay, stay behind, abide, continue (stronger form: remanere)
Supero, superare, superavi, superatum		To be above, have the upper hand; surpasee; overcome, conquer

Exercitationes

1. Officium līberōs virōs semper vocābat.

Duty always called free men.

Officium以-um結尾，為此句主格，而liberos viros以-os結尾，為此句受格。

2. Habēbimusne multōs virōs et fēminās magnōrum animōrum?

Will we have many men and women of great courage?

Habebimusne可拆解為habe+bi+mus+ne(have+will+we+?)

3. Perīcula bellī nōn sunt parva, sed patria tua tē vocābit et agricolae adiuvābunt.

The dangers of war are not small, but your fatherland will call you and the farmers will help.

如果是美麗的危險，那會是pericula bella，但在本句是belli，因此我們知道應該翻做the dangers of war。最後的adiuvabunt是第三人稱複數型，用bu+nt。

4. Propter culpās malōrum patria nostra nōn valēbit.

Because of the evil men’s faults, our country will not be strong.

本句中的malorum是修飾複數中性名詞的形容詞mala的屬格，但是其作為形容詞要修飾的名詞在拉丁文中被藏了起來，我們合理的推測這應該是被藏住的名詞為virorum，所以在翻譯為英文時要將其翻譯出來。

5. Mora animōs nostrōs superābat et remedium nōn habēbāmus.

The delay was conquering our spirits and we did not possess the cure.

6. Multī in agrīs herī manēbant et Rōmānōs iuvābant.

Many men stayed in the fields yesterday and were helping the Roman people.

在一次，這邊的multi和romanos都是形容詞但所修飾的名詞卻不見於拉丁文句中，所以翻譯時仍需補上何於文意的名詞。

7. Paucī virī dē cūrā animī cōgitābant.

Few men used to think about the care of the spirit.

8. Propter īram in culpā estis et crās poenās dabitis.

Because of anger, you are in blame and tomorrow you will pay the penalty.

9. Vērum ōtium nōn habēs, vir stulte!

You do not have true peace, foolish man!

注意，stultus是屬於-us結尾的第二變化陽性單數名詞，其vocative case結尾應為-e。

10. Nihil est sine culpā; sumus bonī, sī paucās habēmus.

Nothing is without fault; we are good if we have few [faults].

11. Poēta amīcae multās rosās dōna pulchra, et bāsia dabat.

The poet used to give his female friend many roses, fine gifts, and kisses.

12. Will war and destruction always remain in our land?

Manebuntne semper bellum et exitium in terra nostra?

13. Does money satisfy the greedy man?

Satiatne pecunia virum avarum ?

14. Therefore, you (sg.) will save the reputation of our foolish boys.

Famam igitur nostrorum puerorum stultorum servabis.

注意，igitur不能出現在句首，所以通常都出現在句子中的第二位。

15. Money and glory were conquering the soul of a good man.

Pecunia et gloria animum viri boni superabant.

SENTENTIAE ANTIQUAE

1. Invidiam populī Rōmānī crās nōn sustinēbis. (Cicero. — invidia –ae, dislike–sustinēre, endure, sustain)

You will not endure the Roman people’s dislike tomorrow.

2. Perīculumne igitur herī remanēbat? (Cicero)

Therefore, did the danger remain yesterday?

3. Angustus animus pecūniam amat. (Cicero. — angustus -a –um, narrow)

A narrow mind loves money.

4. Superā animōs et īram tuam. (Ovid.)

Overcome your pride and your anger.

這邊的animos是複數受格的animus，animi有high spirits的意思，所以可以翻譯做pride。

5. Culpa est mea, O amīcī. (Cicero)

The fault is mine, O friends.

6. Dā veniam fīliō et fīliābus nostrīs. (Terence. –venia -ae, favour, pardon)

Give our son and daughters a favour.

7. Propter adulēscentiam, fīliī meī, mala vītae nōn vidēbātis. (Terence)

Because of youthfulness, my sons, you did not see the bad things of life.

8. Amābō tē, cūrā fīliam meam. (Cicero. — curare, take care of )

Please, take care of my daughter.

9. Vīta hūmāna est supplicium. (Seneca. –supplicium –iī, punishment)

Human life is a punishment.

10. Satisne sānus es? (Terence.)

Are you sane enough?

11. Sī quandō satis pecūniae habēbō, tum mē cōnsiliō et philosophiae dabō. (Seneca. — pecūniae, gen)

If ever I will have enough money, at that time I shall give myself to wisdom and philosophy.

12. Semper glōria et fāma tua manēbunt. (Virgil.)

Your glory and fame will always remain.

13. Vir bonus et perītus aspera verba poētārum culpābit. (Horace. — perītus -a –um, skilful. –asper, -a, -um, rough, harsh)

The good and skilful man will blame the harsh words of the poets

HIS ONLY GUEST WAS A REAL BOAR!

這Martial所做的雙關小品，很有趣！

(Martial 7.59. Epigrams — aper, aprī, m, boar, pig. –convīva –ae, m, dinner guest)

Nōn cēnat sine aprō noster, Tite, Caeciliānus:

Titus, our Caecilianus does not dine without a boar:

bellum convīvam Caeciliānus habet!

Caecilianus has a pretty dinner-guest!

THERMOPYLAE: SOLDIER’S HUMOR

exercitus , army– Persicus, –ī, a Persian.– inquit, says.– sagittal, -ae , f, arrow– Lacedaemonius –ī, m, a Spartan.– respondēre, respond.– umbra, -ae, f, shadow, shade; ghost.– pugnāre, to fight.— rēx, king.—exclāmāre, to shout– cum +abl., with.– apud+ acc., among. –inferi, inferorum, m, those below, the dead. — fortasse, adv., perhaps.

“Exercitus noster est magnus,” Persicus inquit,

“Our army is great,” a Persian says,

“et propter numerum sagittārum nostrārum caelum nōn vidēbitis!”

“And because of the number of our arrows, you will not see the sky!”

Tum Lacedaemonius respondet: “In umbrā, igitur, pugnābimus!”

Then a Spartan responds: „“In the shadow, therefore, we will fight!”

Et Leōnidās, rēx Lacedaemoniōrum, exclāmat: “Pugnāte cum animīs, Lacedaemoniī; hodiē apud inferos fortasse cēnābimus!”

And Leonidas, the king of Sparta, shouts: “Fight with high spirits, Spartans; perhaps today we will dine among the dead!”