提高TOEFL口說分數Part I

其實我自己考托福也考過不只一次,主要的問題就是在於口說的分數沒有辦法提高。

這樣的問題我相信其實不只我自己有,其他很多考生也會有相同的挫折。

但其實真正無法考高的原因就只有兩個:

1. 時間控制

2. 對於發音(pronunciation)以及語調(intonation)自我感覺過於良好

時間控制上,這往往是很多人忽略的。

有很多人的英文口說其實是有機會拿到G,但卻常常只有F而已。其中一個原因就是時間沒有控制好。托福口說根本就不是一個真實的情境,怎麼可能向人介紹自己想要做的工作、為什麼喜歡去大型商場買東西時,時間只有四十五秒?而且在此四十五秒鐘,又要有details and explanation,是要怎麼個detail法呢?

所以時間上,要如何分配第一第二題的四十五秒、後四題的一分鐘,就幾乎底定了口說分數的一半。原因就是上面說的,要怎麼再這麼短的時間內說出一個符合評分要的一致性、完整性的答案,而沒有因為時間限制而還有想要講的話還沒講出來,被scorer評分評說miss important information。

在第一第二題的獨立口說上,我推薦用topic+RERE回答方式

一開始就要清楚地講出自己要說甚麼:好比說想要環遊世界、最喜歡的老師就是XXX、最喜歡騎腳踏車。

至於下面的RERE,其實就是給出一個理由隨後給出一個解釋,因此回答問題上就是以RERE作為順序。這是因為在四十五秒內,一開始講完自己的topic之後,大概已經過了超過五秒了,接下來的RERE其實一個RE大概只能給至多20秒,在這樣的狀況下,其實理由只能說一句,解釋至多至多兩句。如果多說了,自己看到消逝的時間時也會慌、而且也容易被說答題不一致。好比說有的人喜歡說I… for two reasons. 有時在第一個理由講太久,第二個理由來不及講出來,這樣當然是前後不一致阿!

所以自己練習的時候,一定要計時,不要因為自己的口語表達不錯、可以很流暢開心的跟外國人聊天,就覺得口說一定可以高分。因為托福考試不是一個真實的對話環境,托福,是個考試。

所以整個時間控制如下:
45-40 topic

40-20 RE

20-00 RE

後面四題則是統整型的口說,我會分別說明。

第三第四題的特色是,考生會看到一則短文,然後會聽到一段對話或是一小段課程。所以要拿到高分的重點也是一樣:在有限的時間內把短文內容以及對話內容統整進回答內。(有些人會說,其實回答的時候不需要提到閱讀部分。但若此說為真,那其實第三題第四題跟第五第六題並沒有差異。)

要能夠好好的準備第三題,首先要先分析題目的結構。因為第三第四題我們要做的事情只有重述聽到、看到的內容而已,所以分析好題目結構後,我們就能好好的分配時間。

第一、第三題的文章內容:
一定是一則公告(Announcement)、一個建議(proposal/suggestion)、一則抱怨信(complain letter)

第二、該文中:
一定會說學校決定或是應該要做些甚麼改變
一定會有兩個理由去支持這個改變

第三、對話中:
一定會有一男一女
一定會有其中一個人支持或是反對該改變
一定會針對文章中所提到的兩個支持改變的理由作出支持或是反對的理由、解釋

這樣分析下來,我們可以發現第三題其實滿蠢的。
要拿到高分,我們要做的事情就是,若有人完全沒看過那則文章聽到那段對話,也可以知道發生了甚麼事情。

所以答題結構會是:

60-50 公告以及簡述公告內的理由

50-45 男生/女生 支持/反對該改變

45-25 支持/反對理由一的理由解釋

25-00 支持/反對理由二的理由解釋

很多人會無法拿高分,就是在第一部份花了太多時間,講了太多不必要的細節。其實第一部分只要說:
the announcement states that the university is going to XXX because it will help students R1, R2.
所以其實很簡短,如果說理由是可以幫忙省錢、環保,那就只要說saving money and protecting environment就可以,不需要講太多。

另外一個可能是,在最後兩個部分,沒有將對話中針對文章內的兩個理由所提的理由解釋連結起來,卻講了太多細節。如果學生說這樣作不會省錢,因為有額外的開銷,那其實就是:
she/ he argues that XXX will not help students save money because they will be forced to have additional expenditure.

第四題則是小講座

文章內容是在解釋一個概念,而聽力內容則是針對該概念提出解釋
比較困難的地方在於,聽力內容可能只有一個例子在解釋該概念,也有可能是以實驗組對照組作解釋,因此針對不同的解釋方式,分配時間的方式也不大相同。但總的而言,這樣題目,其實也只是要複述自己聽到的內容而已。

前面可以用十秒到二十秒說文章中如何定義該概念,然後開始談聽力的內容。

如果只有一個例子,那基本的分配為下。雖然粗略,但這也是沒辦法的事情。
60-50/40 Topic and definition
50/40-00 Example

如果是給類似於實驗組對照組的,由於實驗內容常常會不小心講太多,所以建議會是開始只花十秒鐘,例子各給二十五秒,否則很容易會沒辦法在時限內答完。

60-50 Topic and definition

50-25 group 1
25-00 group 2

至於最後一組,第五第六題則只有聽力內容,其實也只需要複述而已。

第五題的問題是:其中一個學生有問題、有兩個解決方式、你會選哪個?
前面兩個部分應該大部分的人都可以回答到,但問題就是,回答時可能花了太多時間,而沒有時間好好說自己會選哪一個選擇以及為什麼。所以一樣的,要先了解一下聽力中的內容結構為何,幫助我們分配時間。

對話內容中:
一定有一男一女
一定其中一個人有問題
一定會想到兩個解套方式,但都不是很完美

為什麼會說其實第五題也只需要複述,主要原因就在於最後一個一定。對話過程中一定是先想到一個解套,但是其中一人會說這個理由可能有那些缺點,所以才會有第二個解套方案,雖然這個解套方案還是會有些缺點。所以回答自己的選擇時,只需要重新說 even though the first solution is can help her/him, she/he will not be able to OOO. Therefore, I think the second solution is much better because….

因此,整個答題結構我會建議以下面方式答題:

60-40 the man/woman’s problem is…
40-30 the two possible solutions
30-00 choice and why

這樣的答題結構,也非常的清楚、一致,不會有問題。

第六題的課程內容其實也有模組性,只是他的模組性需要作過幾次題目後分析才會發現。其實第六題的結構非常的明顯,一定是有一個大題目,然後根據這個大題目會談兩個因素、特徵、狀況、種類等等的。好比說為什麼候鳥可以飛很遠,因為他們會儲存很多的能量、他們會利用氣流飛翔。又好比說在甚麼況狀下遠古遺跡可以保存得好,乾燥的環境、無氧的環境。所以用表列方式來說就是:

大題目
子題一
子題二

子題中當然會給一些解釋,但是這種解釋其實也往往是if…then, because等等句子可以馬上帶出的。
所以整個準備的時間也可以用

60-50 topic: the two factors which enables birds to migrate…blah blah
50-25 subtopic 1
25-00 subtopic 2

總而言之,其實托福分數沒辦法拉高的重要原因之一就是時間沒有掌握好
沒有辦法在時限內講完答案,因此就容易被說是miss important information…
如果非常努力地要在時限內說出完整答,但卻每每失敗,那問題就是出在流暢度。

大部分的人自己在講話時,都會自我感覺良好,覺得自己講的其實已經很快了。這是因為本來人聽到自己的聲音跟別人聽到自己的聲音的音高以及速度都不同,而練習口說時常常又會非常緊張,不知不覺的會ㄜ…ㄜ…或是停頓,這些聽在自己的耳朵裡,都以為沒有很嚴重,但事實上自己錄音起來聽過後,就會發現自己確實講得不好,只能拿到Fair或是Limited也是很公允的。

至於要怎麼增進改善這個問題,可以參考我先前寫過的增進托福聽力、口說的迷思。

Teach Yourself Latin XVII

CAPVT XVII
如同英文,拉丁文也有關係代名詞。英文中用who,
which, that等,而拉丁文則以qui,
quae, quod來連結兩個句子。除了所用的符號不同之外,拉丁文中的關係代名詞也有六種格與三種詞性,隨著代換的名詞在關係子句中的格不同,用來連接關係子句的關係代名詞也要跟著變換。以下為基本的變化表:
Singular
Plural
M
F
N
M
F
N
N
G
D
A
A
Qui
Cuius
Cui
Quem
Quo
Quae
Cuius
Cui
Quam
Qua
Quod
Cuius
Cui
Quod
Quo
Qui
Quorum
Quibus
Quos
Quibus
Quae
Quarum
Quibus
Quas
Quibus
Quae
Quorum
Quibus
Quae
Quibus
比方說:
The woman whom you are praising is wise.
這句話可以拆成
The woman is wise.
You are praising the woman.
很明顯的子句中的the
womanaccusative case,因此關係代名詞要用quam
故整句翻譯為:
Femina quam laudas est sapiens.
其實概念上非常簡單,但由於有格的問題,要多練習才能馬上反應出應該用哪個Q
下面是課文中的例子:
Diligo puellam quae ex Italia venit.
此句可以拆成:
Diligo puellam.
Puella ex Italia vēnit.
所以翻譯起來就是:I
admire the girl who came from Italy.
Homo de quo dicebas est amicus
carus.
Homo est amicus carus.
De hominem dicebas.
The man about whom you used to talk is a dear friend.
Puella cui librum dat est fortunata.
Puella est fortunata.
Puellae librum dat.
The girl to whmo he is giving a book is fortunate.
Puer cuius patrem iuvabamus
est fortis.
Puer est fortis.
Patrem pueri iuvabamus.
The boy whose father we used to help is brave.
Vitam meam
committam eis viris quorum
virtutes laudabas.
Vitam meam committam eis viris.
Virtutes virorum laudabas.
I will entrust my life to those men whose virtues you
used to praise.
Timeo idem
periculum quod
timetis.
Timeo idem periculum.
Periculum timetis.
I fear the same danger which you (pl.) fear.
分析有關係子句的句子時,務必要記得從關係代名詞開始到第一個看到的動詞為止,就是整個關係子句。拉丁文中的關係子句會放在一起形成一個小單位,並不會隨意亂調換,所以在不熟練時,可以畫小括號把子句括起來,以免混淆,如第三句中的cui…dat即為一個子句單位。因此翻譯時把握這個原則,就不會將主句的動詞翻進子句,或是子句中的翻進主句。
VOCABVLA
NOUN
Libellous, libelli
m
Little book
Qui, quae, quod
Who, which, what
ADJECTIVE
Caecus, caeca, caecum
Blind
Levis, levis, leve
Light; easy; slight, trivial
OTHER
aut
Or; aut…aut…either…or
cito
quickly
quoque
Too, as well
VERB
Admitto, admittere, admisi, admissum
To admit, recevice, let in
Coepi, coepisse, coeptum
began
Cupio, cupere, cupivi, cupitum
To desire, wish, long for
Deleo, delere, delevi, deletum
To destroy, wipe out, erase
Desidero, desiderare, desideravi, desideratum
to desire, long for, miss
Incipio, incepere, incepi,  inceptum
To begin
Navigo, navigare, navigavi, navicatum
To sail, navigate
Neglego, neglegere, neglexi, neglectum
To neglect, disregard
Recito, recitare, recitavi, recitatum
To read aloud, recite
EXERCITATIONES
1. Potēns quoque
est vīs atrium, quae nōs semper alunt.
Mighty, also, is the power of the arts which always
nourish us.
2. Miserōs hominēs,
autem, sēcum iungere coeperant.
However, they had begun to join themselves with the
wretched men.
Miserōsacc.
3. Nam illā aetāte
pars populī in Italiā iūra cīvium numquam tenuit.
For in that time, a part of people in Italy never held
the rights of the citizens.
4. Incipimus
vēritātem intellegere, quae mentēs nostrās semper regere dēbet et sine
quā valēre nōn possumus
.
We are beginning to understand the truth, which should
always direct our minds and without which, we are unable to be strong.
5. Quam difficile
est bona aut dulcia ex bellō trahere!
How difficult it is to derive good or pleasant things
from war!
6. Centum ex virīs mortem
diū timēbant et nihil clēmentiae exspectābant.
A hundred of the men used to fear death for a long time
and they were expecting nothing of mercy.
7. Puer mātrem
timēbat, quae eum saepe neglegēbat.
The boy used to fear his mother who often used to neglect
him.
8. Inter omnia perīcula
illa fēmina sē cum sapientiā gessit.
Among all the dangers, that woman composed herself with
wisdom.
9. Itaque celer
rūmor ācris mortis per ingentēs urbēs cucurrit.
And so, the swift rumor of the harsh death ran through
giant cities.
10. Quoniam
memoria factōrum nostrōrum dulcis est, beātī nunc sumus et senectūtem facilem
agēmus.
Since the memory of our deeds is pleasant, we are now
happy and will live old age happy.
11. Multī
audītōrēs saturās ācrēs timēbant quās poēta recitābat.
Much audience used to fear the harsh satires which the
poet was reciting.
12. They feared
the powerful men whose city they were ruling by force.
Potentes viros quorum urbem vi regebant timebant.
13. We began to
help those three pleasant women to whom we had given our friendship.
Illas tres feminas iucundas quibus amicitiam nostram
dederamus iuvare coepimus.
14. We fear that
book with which he is beginning to destroy our liberty.
Illum librum quocum nostram libertatem delere incipit
timemus.

SENTENTIAE ANTIQUAE
1. Salvē, bone
amīce, cui fīlium meum herī commīsī. (Terence.)
Hello, good friend, to whom I entrusted my son yesterday.
2. Dionysius,
dē quō ante dīxī
, ā Graeciā ad Siciliam per tempestātem nāvigābat. (Cicero.
— Sicilia, -ae, Sicily)
Dionysius, of whom I spoke before, sailed through a storm
from Greece to Sicily.
3. Multī cīvēs aut ea perīcula quae
imminent
nōn vident aut
ea quae vident neglegunt. (Cicero. –imminēre, to impend, threaten)
Many citizens either do not see the dangers that impend
or disregard those that they see.
Aut…aut…句型帶出對仗
4. Bis dat quī cito dat. (Publilius
Syrus. –bis, adv., twice)
He who gives quickly gives twice.
5. Quī coepit, dīmidium factī habet. Incipe!
(Horace. –dīmidium, -iī, n., half)
He who began has the half of the deed. Begin!
6. Levis est
fortuna: id cito repōscit quod dedit. (Publilius Syrus. –repōscō, -ere, to
demand back)
Fortune is trivial: it demands quickly back what it has
given.
7. Fortūna eum stultum facit quem nimium amat.
(Publilius Syrus.)
Fortune makes him stupid whom she loves too much.
8. Nōn sōlum fortūna ipsa
est caeca sed etiam
eōs caecōs facit quōs semper adiuvat. (Cicero.)
Not only is fortune blind, but it also makes those men whom
it always helps blind.
9. Bis vincit quī
sē vincit in victōriā
. (*Publilius Syrus.)
He who conquers himself in victory conquers twice.
10. Simulātiō
dēlet vēritātem, sine quā nōmen amīcitiae valēre nōn potest. (Cicero. –simulatio,
-ōnis, f., pretense, insincerity)
Pretense destroys truth; without which, the name of
“friendship” cannot have power.
11. Virtūtem enim
illīus virī amāvī, quae cum corpore nōn periit. (Cicero. –pereō –īre, –iī,
-itum, to perish)
I truly loved the virtue of that man, which did not
perish with his body.
12. Turbam vītā.
Cum hīs vīve quī tē meliōrem facere possunt; illōs admittē quōs tū
potes facere meliōrēs
. (Seneca. –melior, better)
Avoid the crowd. Live with these men who can make you
better; let in those whom you can make better.
ON THE PLEASURES OF LOVE IN OLD AGE
Cicero. Dē Senectūte 14.47. –minor, less. –carēre, to
lack, want
Estne amor in
senectūte?
Is there love in the old age?
Voluptās, enim
minor est, sed minor quoque est cupiditās.
Pleasure, truly, is less, but desire is also less.
Nihil autem est
cūra nōbīs, sī nōn cupimus, et nōn caret is quī nōn dēsīderat.
Nothing however is dear by us, if we do not want, and he
who does not desire does not lack..
Adulēscentēs nimis
dēsīderant; senēs satis amōris saepe habent et multum sapientiae.
Young men are longing for to much; old man often have
enough love and many wisdom.
Cōgitō, igitur,
hoc tempus vītae esse iūcundum.
I think, therefore, this time of life is pleasant.
IT’S ALL IN THE DELIVERY
Martial, 1.38; meter: elegiac couplet. libellous, the delayed
antecedent of quem; in prose order might be: libellus quem recitās est meus.
–male, adv., of malus.cum,
conj., when
Quem recitās meus
est
, ō Fīdentīne, libellus;
sed male cum
recitās, incipit esse tuus!
What you recite, O Fidentinus, is my little book;
but when you recite it badly, it begins to be yours!

Teach yourself Latin XVI

CAPVT XVI
Third Declension Adjectives
本課的重點在於第三種形容詞變化。此種變化類同於先前於CAPVT XIV中所介紹的i-stem名詞變化,declension基本上相同。
-i結尾於所有單數genitive case
-ium結尾於所有複數genitive case
-ia結尾於所有複數nominative, accusative case
如下表所示:
M/F
N
M/F
N
M/F
N
M/F
N
N
G
D
A
A
Civis
Civis
Civi
Civem
Cive
Mare
Maris
Mari
Mare
Mari
Fortis
Fortis
Forti
Fortem
Forti
Forte
Fortis
Forti
Forte
Forti
Acer, Acris
Acris
Acri
Acrem
Acri
Acre
Acris
Acri
Acrem
Acri
Potens
Potentis
Potenti
Potentem
Potenti
Potens
Potentis
Potenti
Potens
Potenti
N
G
D
A
A
Cives
Civium
Civibus
Cives
Civibus
Maria
Marium
Maribus
Maria
Maribus
Fortes
Fortium
Fortibus
Fortes
Fortibus
Fortia
Fortium
Fortibus
Fortia
Fortibus
Acres
Acrium
Acribus
Acres
Acribus
Acria
Acrium
Acribus
Acria
Acribus
Potentes
Potentium
Potentibus
Potentes
Potentibus
Potentia
Potentium
Potentibus
Potentia
Potentibus

VOCABVLA
NOUN
Aetas, aetatis
f
Period of life, life, age, an age, time
Auditor, auditoris
m
Hearer, listener, member of an audience
Clementia, clementiae
f
Mildness, gentleness, mercy
Mens, mentis
f
Mind, thought, intention
Satura, saturae
f
satire
ADJECTIVE
Acer, acris, acre
Sharp, keen, eager; severe, fierce
Brevis, brevis, breve
Short, small, brief
Celer, celeris, celere
Swift, quick, rapid
Difficilis, difficilis, difficile
Hard, difficult, troublesome
Dulcis, dulcis, dulce
Sweat; pleasant, agreeable
Facilis, facilis, facile
Easy, agreeable
Fortis, fortis, forte
Strong, brave
Ingens, ingens, ingens
Huge
Iucundus, iucunda, iucundum
Pleasant, delightful, agreeable, pleasing
Longus, longa, longum
Long
Omnis, omnis, omne
Every, all
Potens, potens, potens
Gen. potentis, able, powerful, mighty, strong
Senex, senex, senex
Gen. senis, adj and noun, old, old age; old man
OTHER
quam
adv
how
VERB
Rego, regere, rexi, rectum
To rule, guide, direct
EXERCITATIONES
1. Fortēs virī et fēminae ante aetātem nostram vīvēbant.
Brave men and women used to live before our time.
2. Eōs centum senēs miserōs ab Italiā trāns maria difficilia herī mittēbat.
He sent those one hundred miserable old men away from Italy  across the difficult seas yesterday.
3. Illī duo virī omnēs cupiditātēs ex sē ēiēcērunt, nam nātūram corporis timuērunt.
Those two men threw out all desires from themselves, for they feared the nature of the body.
4. Potēns rēgīna, quoniam sē dīlēxit, istōs trēs vītāvit et sē cum eīs numquam iūnxit.
The powerful queen, since she esteemed herself, shunned those three men and never joined (herself) with them.
5. Itaque inter eōs ibi stābam et signum cum animō fortī diū exspectābam.
Therefore I used to stand among them there and wait for a sign with courage for a long time.
6. Celer rūmor per ōra aurēsque omnium sine morā currēbat.
The swift rumor ran through the mouths and ears of all people without delay.
7. Vīs bellī acerbī autem vītam eius paucīs hōrīs mūtāvit.
The force of a fierce war, however, changed his life in a few hours.
8. Quīnque ex nautīs sē ex aquā trāxērunt sēque Caesarī potentī commīsērunt.
Five of the sailors dragged themselves out of the water and entrusted themselves to mighty Caesar.
9. Caesar nōn poterat suās cōpiās cum celeribus cōpiīs rēgis iungere.
Caesar could not join his own troops with the swift troops of the king.
10. Themistoclēs omnēs cīvēs ōlim appellābat et nōmina eōrum ācrī memoriā tenēbat.
Once puon a time, Themistocles were speaking to all of the citizens and kept their names by keen memory.
11. In caelō sunt multae nūbēs et animālia agricolae tempestāte malā nōn valent.
Many clouds are in the sky and the farmer’s animals are not well in the bad weather.
12. The father and mother often used to come to the city with their two sweet daughters.
Pater materque saepe ad urbem cum duabus filiabus dulcibus veniebant.
13. The souls of brave men and women will never fear difficult times.
Animi virorum feminarumque fortium tempora difficilia numquam timebunt.
14. Does he now understand all the rights of these four men?
Intellegitne omnia iura nunc horum quattuor virorum?
15. The doctor could not help the brave girl, for death was swift.
Medicus puellam fortem adiuvare non poterat, nam mors erat celeris.
SENTENTIAE ANTIQUAE
1. Quam dulcis est lībertās! (Phaedrus.)
How sweet the liberty is!
2. Labor omnia vīcit. (*Virgil.)
Labour conquered all things.
3. Fortūna fortēs adiuvat. (Terence.)
Fortune helps the strong.
4. Quam celeries et ācris est mēns! (Cicero.)
How swift and sharp the mind is!
5. Polyphēmus erat mōnstrum horrendum, īnfōrme, ingēns. (Virgil. — mōnstrum, -ī, n, monsterhorrendus, -a, -um, horribleīnfōrmis, -e,formless, hideous)
Polyphemus was a horrendous, hideous, huge monster.
6. Varium et mūtābile semper fēmina. (*Virgil. –Order: fēmina semper [est] varium et mūtābile. –varius, -a, -um, varying, ficklemūtābilis, -e, changeablevarium and mūtābileare used to mean ‘a fickle and changeable thing’
A woman is always a fickle and changeable thing.
7. Facile est epigrammata belle scrībere, sed librum scrībere difficile est. (*Martial. –epigramma, -matis, n , short poem, epigrambelle is the adverb form of bellus, -a, -um)
It is easy to write epigrams neatly, but to write a book is difficult.
8. Ira furor brevis est; animum rege. (*Horace. –furor, -rōris, m, madness)
Anger is a brief madness; rule your spirit.
9. Ars poētica est nōn omnia dīcere. (*Servius. –poēticus, -a, -um, poetic)
The poetic art is not to say everything.
10. Nihil est ab omnī parte beātum. (*Horace.)
Nothing is happy from every part.
11. Liber meus hominēs prūdentī cōnsiliō alit. (Phaedrus. –prūdēns, gen., prūdentis, prudent)
My book nourishes human beings by prudent advice.
12. Māter omnium bonārum atrium sapientia est. (*Cicero.)
The mother of all good arts is wisdom.
13. Clēmentia rēgem salvum facit; nam amor omnium cīvium est inexpugnābile mūnīmentum rēgis. (Seneca. –inexpugnābilis, -e,  impregnablemūlīmentum, -ī, n,fortification defense)
Mercy makes the king safe; for the love of all citizens is impregnable defense of a king.
14. Vīta est brevis; ars, longa. (Hippocrates, quoted by Seneca.)
Life is short; art, long.
15. Breve tempus aetātis autem satis longum est ad bene vīvendum. (Cicero. –vīvendum, living, verbal noun object of ad, for)
The brief period of life, however, is long enough to live well.
16. Vīvit et vīvet per omnium saeculōrum memoriam. (*Velleius Paterculus –saeculum, -ī, n, century, age)
He lives and will live through the memory of all the ages.

JUVENAL EXPLAINS HIS IMPULSE TO SATIRE
Semper ego audītor erō? Est turba poētārum in hāc urbe — ego igitur erō poēta!
Will I always be an auditor? A crowd of poets is in this city—therfore I will be a poet!
Sunt mīlia vitiōrum in urbe — dē istīs vitiīs scrībam! Difficile est saturam nōn scrībere.
Thousands vices are in the city—I used to write about these evils! The difficult is not to write a satire.
Sī nātūra mē adiuvāre nōn potest, facit indignātiō versum.
If the nature cannot help me, the anger does the versus.
In librō meō erunt omnia facta hominum — timor, īra, voluptās, culpa, cupiditās, īnsidiae. Nunc est plēna cōpia vitiōrum in hāc miserā urbe Rōmae!
All deeds of human beings will be in my book—fear, anger, please, fault, desire and threachery. Now is a full abundance of vices in this miserable city of Rome!

ON A TEMPERAMENTAL FRIEND
Difficilis facilis, iūcundus acerbus– es īdem:
nec tēcum possum vīvere nec sine tē.
(*Martial, 12, 46; meter: elegiac couplet.)
Difficult easy, pleasant bitter – you are the same:
neither with you can I live, nor without you.
隨著課程,這種利用對仗排比而省略動詞或是連接詞的狀況會越來越常出現
這是因為古代承載文字的紙張等非常稀少

Teach yourself Latin XV

CAPVT XV
Numerals; genitive of the whole; ablative with numerals and ablative of time
本章的重點其實就只有一個:數字
修飾名詞的數字有點像是形容詞,但是除了one, two, three, two hundred – nine hundred 以及thousands會有declension以外,其他都沒有declension
這乍聽之下是一個好消息:可以不用背declension!但事實上,拉丁文因為有詞尾變化的這項特性,句子中的word order比較鬆散,這些沒有declension的數字沒有辦法從字尾得知其所屬之格,因此在翻譯上反而會造成困擾。
以下為duo, -a, -o以及Tres, tres, tria的變化。而ducenti, -ae, -a以及其他百位數字之變化同第一第二形容詞複數的declension
M
F
N
M/F
N
N
G
D
A
A
Duo
Duorum
Duobus
Duos
Duorum
Dua
Duarum
Duabus
Duas
Duabus
Duo
Duorum
Duobus
Duo
Duobus
Tres
Trium
Tribus
Tres
Tribus
Tria
Trium
Tribus
Tria
tribus
Thousand無論是甚麼性都不會有declension,而thousandsdeclension則是為第三變化複數中性i-stem
Thousand
Thousands
M/F/N
N
N
G
D
A
A
Mille
Mille
Mille
Mille
Mille
Milia
Milium
Milibus
Milia
Milibus
GENITIVE OF THE WHOLE
本章第二個重點為用genitive case來表達一個整體的部分。如:
Pars urbis, part of the city
Nemo anicorum meorum, none of my friends
有一些實用的拉丁小片語也是這樣構成的:
Nihil temoris, nothing of time = no time
Satis eloquentiae, sufficient eloquence
Quid consilii? What plan?
Multum boni, much good
Quid novi? What new?
Nihil certi, nothing certain
要注意thousand的用法
Decem milia viroum, 10000 men
Mille viri, 1000 men
ABLATIVE WITH CARDINAL NUMERALS
要表達有多少個東西時,有時可以用ex或是deablative case,如
Tres ex amicis meis, three of my friends
Quinque ex eis, five of them
Quidam ex eis, a certain one of them
Centum ex viris, 100 of the men
Pauci ex amicis, a few of the friends
ABLATIVE OF TIME WHEN OR WITHIN WHICH
想表示在多少時間之內或是在甚麼時候,可以直接用ablative case來表達。在翻譯成英文時要記得補上at, in, on 或是withinby。如:
Eo tempore non poteram id facere. At that time I could not do it.
Agricolae bonis annis valebant. In good years, the farmers flourished.
Eodem die venerunt. They came on the same day.
Aestate ludebant. In summer they used to play.
Paucis horis id faciet.  In a few hours he will do it.

VOCABVLA
NOUN
Italia, Italiae
f
Italy
Memoria, memoriae
f
Memory, recollection
Tempestas, tempestatis
f
Period of time, season; weather, strom
ADJECTIVE
centum
A hundred
mille
Indecl. In sg. Thousand
Milia, milium
Thousands (third decleionsion i-stem)
Miser, misera, miserum
Wretched, miserable, unfortunate
OTHER
Inter
prep
+acc, between, among
Itaque
adv
And so, therefore
VERB
Committo, committere, commisi, commissum
To commit, entrust
Expecto, expectare, expectavi, expectatum
To look for, expect, await
Iacio, iacere, ieci, iactum
To throw, hurl
Timeo, timere, timui
To fear, be afraid of
EXERCITATIONES
1. Illae quīnque fēminae inter ea animālia mortem nōn timēbant.
Those five women were not afraid of death among those animals.
2. Duo ex fīliīs ā portā per agrōs cum patre suō herī currēbant et in aquam cecidērunt.
Two of the sons were running from the gate through the fields with their father yesterday and they fell into the water.
3. Primus rēx dīvitiās in mare iēcit, nam magnam īram et vim turbae timuit.
The first king threw the riches into the sea, for he feared the great anger and force of the mob.
4. Nēmō eandem partem Asiae ūnō annō vincet.
No one will conquer the same part of Asia in one year.
5. Rōmānī quattuor ex eīs urbibus prīmā viā iūnxērunt.
The Romans joined with the four of the cities on the first road.
因為quattour沒有declension,所以要判斷出他其實是accusative case需要靠分析出iunxerrunt不會是接ex eis urbibus也不會接ablative caseprima via
6. Itaque mīlia librōrum eius ab urbe trāns Italiam mīsistis.
Therefore, you (pl.) sent his thousands of books from the city across Italy.
7. Lībertātem et iūra hārum urbium artibus bellī cōnservāvimus.
We preserved the liberty and rights of these cities by the arts of war.
8. Dī Graecī sē inter hominēs cum virtūte saepe nōn gerēbant.
The Greek gods often did not conduct themselves with virtue among men.
9. Cicerō mīlia Rōmānōrum vī sententiārum suārum dūcēbat.
Cicero were leading thousands of Romans by the power of his own thoughts.
10. Sententiae medicī eum cārum mihi numquam fēcērunt.
The opinions of the docter never made him dear to me.
11. The tyrant used to entrust his life to those three friends.
Tyrannus vitam suam tribus amicis illis committebat.
12. The greedy man never has enough wealth.
Avarus numquam satis habet divitiarum.
13. At that time we saved their mother with those six letters.
Eo tempore matrem eorum illis sex epistulae servavimus.
14. Through their friends they conquered the citizens of the ten cities.
Decem urbium cives amicis vicerunt.
SENTENTIAE ANTIQUAE
1. Diū in istā nāve et propter tempestātem nūbēsque semper mortem exspectābam. (Terence. –nāvis, nāvis, f, ship)
I have been on that ship for a long time and because of the storm and clouds, I was always expecting the death.
2. Septem hōrīs ad eam urbem vēnimus. (Cicero.)
We came to that city in seven hours.
3. Italia illīs temporibus erat plēna Graecārum artium, et multī Rōmānī ipsī hās artēs colēbant. (Cicerō. –artēs, in the sense of studies, e.g., literature and philosophycolō, -ere, to cultivate, pursuit)
Italy was full of the Greek arts in those times, and many Romans themselves were pursuiting these arts.
4. Inter bellum et pācem dubitābant. (Tacitus. –dubitāre, to hasitate, waver)
They kept hesitating between war and peace.
5. Eō tempore istum ex urbe ēiciēbam. (Cicero.)
At that time, I was driving that man out of the city.
6. Dīcēbat quisque miser: “Cīvis Rōmānus sum.” (Cicero.)
Each wretched man kept saying: “I am a Roman citizen.”
7. Mea puella passerem suum amābat, et passer ad eam sōlam semper pīpiābat nec sē ex gremiō movēbat. (Catullus. –passer, -seris, m, sparrowpīpiāre, to chirpgremium, -iī, n, lapmovēre, to move)
My girl used to love her sparrow, and the sparrow used to chirp only to her and it did not move away from her lap.
8. Fīliī meī frātrem meum dīligēbant, mē vītābant; mē patrem acerbum appellābant et meam mortem exspectābant. Nunc autem mōrēs meōs mūtāvī et duōs fīliōs ad mē crās traham. (Terence.)
My sons used to love my brother, they shunned me; they used to call me a bitter father and await my death. However, I have changed my behavior now and tomorrow I shall drag my two sons (back) to me.
9. Dionysius tyrannus, quoniam tōnsōrī caput committere timēbat, fīliās suās barbam et capillum tondēre docuit; itaque virginēs tondēbant barbam et capillum patris. (Cicero.–tōnsor, -sōris, m,  barberbarba, -ae, f,  beardcapillus, -ī, m,  hairtondēre, to shave)
Since he used to fear to entrust his head to a barber, the tyrant Dionysius taught his own daughters to cut his beard and hair; therefore the maidens used to cut their father’s beard and hair.

Teach yourself Latin XIV

CAPVT XIV
i-stem nouns of the third declension
ablatives of means, accompaniment and manner
I-Stem nouns of third declension
名詞第三變化除了先前曾經在CAPVT VII學過的基本型態以外,尚有i-stem之形式的變化。其實基本變化都與一般第三變化相同,不同之處在於genitive plural的結尾為-iumablative neuter singular結尾為-inominative and accusative neuter singular-ia。如下表所示:
Cons.-stem
i-stem
Rex, regis
 (m, king)
Civis, civis
(m, citizens)
Nubes, nubis
(f, cloud)
Urbs, Urbis
(f, city)
Mare, maris
(n, sea)
Vis, vis
(f, force)
Rex
Regis
Regi
Regem
Rege
Civis
Civis
Civi
Civem
Cive
Nubes
Nubis
Nubi
Nubem
Nube
Urbs
Urbis
Urbi
Urbem
Urbe
Mare
Maris
Mari
Marem
Mari
Vis
Vis
Vi
Vim
Vi
Reges
Regum
Regibus
Reges
Regibus
Cives
Civium
Civibus
Cives
Civibus
Nubes
Nubium
Nubius
Nubes
Nubius
Urbes
Urbium
Urbibius
Urbes
urbibius
Maria
Marium
Maribus
Maria
Maribus
Vires
Virium
Viribus
Vires
Viribus
cives, urbes這兩個字的accusative plural endingGolden Age時是以-is結尾。
vis為不規則變化
要判別是否為i-stem名詞可從nominative caseending來看:
Masculine: -is, -es
Hostis, hostis, m.; gen. pl. Hostium; enemy
Navis, navis, f.; navium; ship
Moles, molis, f.; molium; mass, structure
Civis, civis 同上
Nubes, nubis 同上
Feminine & a few Masculine: -s, -x
Ars, artis, f.; atrium; art, skill
Dens, dentis, m.; tooth
Nox, noctis, f.; noctium; night
Urbs, Urbis 同上
Neuter: -al, -ar, -e
Animal, animalis, n., animal
Exemplar, exemplaris, n., model, pattern, original
Mare, maris 同上
ABLATIVE of MEANS or INSTRUMENT
Ablative case可以用來表示用甚麼方式、以甚麼樣的工具去做某件事情等,就是英文中的by means of what/in which之意。如:
Litteras stilo scripsit.
He wrote the letter with a pencil.
Cives pecunia vicit.
He conquered the citizens by money.
Id meis oculis vidi.
I saw it with my eyes.
Suis laboribus urbem conservavit.
By his own labours he saved the city.
cum+ablative的用法也可以用來表示與甚麼人、甚麼東西一起。如:
Cum amicis venerunt.
They came with friends.
Cum celeritate venerunt.
They  came with speed.
Id cum eis fecit.
He did it with them.
Id cum virtute fecit.
He did it with courage. 

VOCABVLA
NOUN
Animal, animalis
n
A living creature, animal
Aqua, aquae
f
Water
Ars, artis
f
Art, skill
Auris, auris
f
Ear
Civis, civis
m/f
citizen
Ius, iuris
n
Right, justice, law
Mare, maris
n
sea
Mors, mortis
f
death
Nubes, nubis
f
cloud
Os, oris
n
Mouth, face
Pars, partis
f
Part, share; direction
Roma, romae
f
Rome
Turba, turbae
f
Uproar, disturbance; mob, crowd, multitude
Urbs, urbis
f
city
Vis, vis
f
Force, power, violence
Vires, virium
f
Pl. strength
OTHER
A, ab
Prep.
(a before consonants, ab before vowels or consonants) +abl, away from, from; by (personal agent)
trans
prep
+acc, across
VERB
Appello, appellare, appellavi, appellatum
To speak to, address, call, name
Curro, currere, cucurri, cursum
To run, rush, move quickly
Muto, mutare, mutavi, mutatum
To charge, alter; exchange
Teneo, tenere, tenui, tentum
To hold, keep, possess; restrain
Vito, vitare, vitavi, vitatum
Tp avoid, shun
EXERCITATIONES
1. magnam partem illārum urbium post multōs annōs vī et cōnsiliō capiēbat.
By force and plan, he took a great part of those cities after many years.
2. Ante Caesaris ipsīus oculōs trāns viam cucurrimus et cum amīcīs fūgimus.
Before the eyes of Caesar himself, we ran across the road and fled with friends.
3. Nēmō vitia sua videt, sed quisque illa alterīus.
No one sees his own faults, but each one (sees) those of another.
4. Monuitne nūper eōs dē vītibus illārum urbium in Asiā?
Has he warned them about the strength of those cities in Asia recently?
5. Ipsī autem lībertātem cīvium suōrum magnā cum cūrā aluerant.
However they themselves had support the liberty of their own citizens with great care.
6. Nōmina multārum urbium nostrārum ab nōminibus urbium antīquārum trāximus.
We have drawn names of our many cities from the names of ancient cities.
7. Pars cīvium dīvitiās cēpit et per urbem ad mare cucurrit.
A part of the citizens has took (their) riches and ran through the city to the sea.
8. Hodiē multae nūbēs in caelō sunt signum īrae acerbae deōrum.
Today, many clouds in the sky are a sign of the harsh anger of gods.
9. Illud animal herī ibi cecidit et sē trāns terram ab agrō trahēbat.
That animal fell there yesterday and was dragging itself across the land from the field.
10. That wicked tyrant did not long preserve the rights of these citizens.
Ille tyrannus malus non diu iura horum civium conservavit.
11. Great is the force of the arts.
Magna vis artium est.
12. His wife was standing there with her own friends and doing that with patience.
Uxor eius cum amicis suis ibi stabat et illud cum patientia faciebat.
13. Cicero felt and said the same thing concerning his own life and the nature of death.
Cicero de sua vita et natura mortis idem sentiebat et dicebat.
SENTENTIAE ANTIQUAE
1. Et Deus aquās maria in prīncipiō appellāvit. (Genesis; aquās, direct object; maria is an objective complement)
And God named the waters the seas in the beginning.
2. Terra ipsa hominēs et animālia ōlim creāvit. (Lucretius.)
Once upon a time the land itself created men and animals.
3. Pān servat ovēs et magistrōs fortūnātōs ovium. (Virgil. –Pan, the god of pastures and shepherdsovis, ovis, f, sheep)
Pan guards sheep and the blessed masters of the sheep.
4. Parva formīca onera magna ōre trahit. (Horace. –formīca, -ae, antonus, oneris, n, load)
A little ant drags great loads by its mouth.
5. Auribus teneō lupum. (*Terence. –lupus, -ī , m, wolf)
I am holding a wolf by the ears.
6. Ille magnam turbam clientium sēcum habet. (Horace. –cliēns, -entis, m, client, dependent)
That man has a great multitude of clients with him.
7. Hunc nēmō vī neque pecūniā superāre potuit. (Ennius.)
No one could conquer this man by force or money.
8. Animus eius erat ignārus artium malārum. (Sallust. –ignārus, -a, -um ignorant)
His mind was ignorant of evil arts.
9. Magna pars meī mortem vītābit. (Horace.)
A great part of me will avoid death.
10. vōs, amīcī doctī, exemplāria Graeca semper cum cūrā versāte. (Horace. –exemplar, -plāris, n, model, originalversāre, to turn; study)
You, learned friends; always study the Greek originals with care.
11. Nōn vīribus et celeritāte corporum magna gerimus, sed sapientiā et sententiā et arte. (Cicero. –celeritās, -tātis, f,  swiftness)
We carry out great things not by strength and swiftness of bodies, but through wisdom and feeling and art.
12. Istī caelum, nōn animum suum, mūtant, sī trāns mare currunt. (Horace.)
Those people change the sky, not their spirit, if they run across the sea.
這句話的意思是人們改變環境而不是自己的心態

Teach yourself Latin XIII

CAPVT XIII
Reflexive pronouns and possessives
Intensive pronoun
本章介紹反身代名詞,像是「我稱讚我自己」中的「我自己」就是中文中的反身代名詞。拉丁文中的反身代名詞使用時機很直觀,基本上和中文、英文沒有太大差異。比方說:
Femina de se cogitabat.
The female used to thinking about herself.
N
G
D
A
A
Mei (of myself)
Mihi (to/for myself)
Me (myself)
Me (by/with/from myself)
Tui
Tibi
Te
Te
Sui
Sibi
Se
Se
N
G
D
A
A
Nostri
Nobis
Nos
Nobis
Vestri
Vobis
Vos
Vobis
Sui
Sibi
Se
Se
REFLEXIVE POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES
在第一人稱第二人稱時,要表示所有格用meus, tuus, noster, vester等形容詞修飾即可。第三人稱時呢?suus, sua, suum可以翻譯作his own, her own, its own, their own之意。如:
Cicero amicum suum laudavit.
Cicero praised his own friend.
Cicero amicum eius laudavit.
Cicero praised his (the other people instead of cicero himself) friend.
THE INTENSIVE PRONOUN—Ipse, ipsa, ipsum
Intensive pronoun通常用於加強語氣,好比說英文中的Caesar himself conquered the Asia Minor. 這邊的himself就是intensive pronoun。如:
Cicero ipse me laudavit.
Cicero himself praised me.
Ipse amicum eius laudavi.
I myself praised his friend.
Filia vobis ipsis litteras scripsit.
Your daughter wrote a letter to you yourselves.

VOCABVLA

NOUN
Divitae, divitarum
F
Pl., riches, wealth
Factum, facti
N
Deed, act, achievement
Signum, signi
N
Sign, signal, indication; seal
Quisque, quidque
(Gen. quiusque; Dat. Cuique) each one, each thing, each person
ADJECTIVE
Doctus, docta, doctum
Taught, learned, skilled
Fortunatus, fortunata, fortunatum
Lucky, fortunate, happy
OTHER
nam
Conj.
for
ante
Prep.
Adv
+acc., before (in place, time), in front of
Before, previously
per
prep
+acc., through; with reflexive pronoun, by
olim
adv
Long ago, formerly; someday, in the future
VERB
Alo, alere, alui, altum
To nourish, support, sustain, increase; cherish
Diligo, diligere, dilexi, dilectum
To esteem, love
Iungo, iungere, iunxi, iunctum
To join
Sto, stare, steti, statum
To stand, stand still, stand firm
EXERCITATIONES
1. Cōnsulēs sē nec tēcum nec cum illīs aliīs iungēbant.
The consuls were joining themselves neither with you nor with those others.
2. Tōtus populus Rōmānus lībertātem āmīsit.
The whole Roman people have lost their freedom.
3. Rēx malus enim mē ipsum capere numquam potuit.
The evil king could never be able to truly capture me myself.
4. Ad patrem mātremque eōrum per illum locum tum fūgistis.
At that time, you fled to their father and mother through that place.
5. Dī animōs creant et eōs in corpora hominum ē caelō mittunt.
The gods create souls and send them into the human bodies from the sky.
6. Ipsī per sē eum in Asiā nūper vīcērunt.
Recently they themselves have conquered him in Asia by themselves.
7. In hāc viā Cicerō medicum eius vīdit, nōn suum.
On the way, Cicero saw his (not Cicero himself’s) doctor, not his own.
8. Nēmō fīliam acerbam cōnsulis ipsīus diū dīligere potuit.
No one was able to love the bitter daughter of the consul himself for long.
9. Hī Cicerōnem ipsum sēcum iūnxērunt, nam eum semper dīlēxerant.
These men joined Cicero himself with themselves, for they had always esteemed him.
10. Fēmina ante illam hōram litterās suās mīserat.
The female had sent her own letter before that time.
11. Ille bonam senectūtem habuit, nam bene vīxerat.
That man had a good old age, for he had lived well.
12. Māter fīlium bene intellēxit, et adulēscēns eī prō patientiā grātiās ēgit.
The mother understood her son well, and the young man thanked her for her patience.
13. However, those young men came to Caesar himself yesterday.
Illi autem adulescentes ad Caesarem ipsum heri venerunt.
14. Cicero, therefore, will never join his (Caesar’s) name with his own.
Cicero igitur nomen eius (Ceasaris) cum suo numquam iunget.
15. Cicero always esteemed himself and even you esteem yourself.
Cicero se semper dilexit et tu etiam te diligis.
16. Cicero used to praise his own books and I now praise my own books.
Cicero laudabat libros suos et nunc libros meos laudo.
17. The consul Cicero himself had never seen his (Caesar’s) book.
Consul Cicero ipse numquam librum eius (Caesaris) viderat.
SENTENTIAE ANTIQUAE
1. Ipse ad eōs contendēbat equitēsque ante sē mīsit. (Caesar. — contend, -ere, to hasten—eques, equities, m, horseman)
He himself used to hasten to them and sent the horsemen before himself.
2. Ipsī nihil per sē sine eō facere potuērunt. (Cicero.)
They could do nothing by themselves without him.
3. Ipse signum suum et litterās suās ā prīncipiō recognōvit. (Cicero. –recognōscō, -ere, -cognōvī, -cognitum, to recognize)
He himself recognized his own seal and his own letter from the beginning.
4. Quisque ipse sē dīligit, quod quisque per sē sibi cārus est. (Cicero.)
Each one loves himself, because each one is dear to himself by himself.
5. Ex vitiō alterīus sapiēns ēmendat suum. (*Publilius Syrus. –sapiens, -entis, m, wise man, philosopherēmendāre, to correct)
From the fault of another, a wise man corrects his own.
6. Recēde in tē ipsum. (*Seneca. –recede, -ere, to withdraw)
Withdraw into your very self.
7. Animus se ipse alit. (*Seneca.)
The spirit nourishes itself.
8. Homō doctus in sē semper dīvitiās habet. (Phaedrus.)
A learned man always has riches in himself.
ALEXANDER THE GREAT AND THE POWER OF LITERATURE
(Cicero, Prō Archiā 24. )
Tumulus, -i, m, tomb, grave
Achillēs, -lis, m, Achilles
Homērus, -ī, m, Homerus
laudator, -tōris, m, one who praise, eulogist, chronicler
vēre, adv of vērus
Ilias, -adis, f, Iliad
obruō, -ere, to overwhelm, bury
Magnus ille Alexander multōs scrīptōrēs factōrum suōrum sēcum semper habēbat.
The great Alexander used to always have many writers of his own achievement with himself.
Is enim ante tumulum Achillis ōlim stetit et dīxit haec verba: “Fuistī fortūnātus, ō adulēscēns, quod Homērum laudātōrem virtūtis tuae invēnistī.”
Truly, he stood before the grave of Achilles for a long time and said these words: “You were fortunate, o the young men, because you found out Homer the chronicler of your virtute.”
Et vērē! Nam, sine Iliade illā, īdem tumulus et corpus eius et nōmen obruere potuit.
And  truly! For, withour that Iliad, the same tomb would bury both your body and name.
Nihil corpus humānum cōnservāre potest; sed litterae magnae nōmen virī magnī saepe cōnservāre possunt.
Nothing can preserve the human body; but great literatures often can preserve the name of great hero.
THE AUTHORITY OF A TEACHER’S OPINION
(Cicero, Dē Nātūrā Deōrum 1.5.10.)
 Pythagorās, -ae, m, Pythagorasdisputātiō, -ōnis, f, argument, debate)
Magistrī bonī discipulīs sententiās suās nōn semper dīcere dēbent.
Good teachers should not always teach their own opinions to students.
  
Discipulī Pythagorae in disputātiōnibus saepe dīcēbant: “Ipse dīxit!”
Students of Pythagoras often used to say in debate: “He himself said!”
Pythagorās, eōrum magister philosophiae, erat “ipse”: sententiae eius etiam sine ratiōne valuērunt.
Pythagoras, a teaher of philosophy of them, was “himself”: the opinions of him also were strong without reason.
In philosophiā autem ratiō sōla, nōn sententia, valēre dēbet.
In philosophy, however, only reason, not opinion should be strong.

Teach yourself Latin XII

CAPVT XII
本課介紹perfect active系統。在先前我們知道動詞在字典上會出現第一人稱單數型以及不定動詞型,那剩下兩個呢?剩下兩個就是本課要介紹的perfect active indicative以及perfect passive participle的第一人稱單數型。
laudare為例:
Present active indicative: laudo, I praise
Present active infinitive: laudare, to praise
Perfect active indicative: laudavi, I praised, have praised
Perfect passive participle: laudatum, praised, having been praised
再看看下面幾個例子
moneo
monere
monui, I advised
monitum, (having been) advised
ago
agere
egi, I led
actum, (having been) led
capio
capere
cepi, I took
captum, (having been) taken
audio
audire
audivi, I heard
auditum, (having been) heard
sum
esse
fui, I was
futurum, about to be
possum
posse
potui
上面所看到的都是第一人稱單數時的狀況,在不同的人稱底下,變化一樣依據其根來變化,比方說laudav-, monu-, eg-, cep-, audiv-, fu-, potu-
Perfect active indicative
I praised, have praised
I led, have led
I was, have been
Endings
Laudavi
Laudavisti
Laudavit
Laudavimus
Laudavistis
Laudaverunt
Egi
Egisti
Egit
Egimus
Egistis
Egerunt
Fui
Fuisti
Fuit
Fuimus
Fuistis
Fuerunt
-i
-isti
-it
-imus
-istis
-erunt, -ere
Pluperfect active indicative (double past tense) & Future perfect active indicative
如果提及兩件過去的事情,其中一件事情發生在另一件事情之前,則該事件的時態即為pluperfect active indicative。若提及一件事情在未來將會被完成,則可以用Future perfect active indicative
Pluperfect active indicative
(stem+imperfect)
Future perfect active indicative
(stem+future)
I had praised
I had been
I will have praised
I will have been
Laudaveram
Laudaveras
Laudaverat
Laudaveramus
Laudaveratis
Laudaverant
Fueram
Fueras
Fuerat
Fueramus
Fueratis
Fuerant
Laudavero
Laudaverist
Laudaverit
Laudaverimus
Laudaveritis
Laudaverint
Fuero
Fuerist
Fuerit
Fuerimus
Fueritis
Fuerint
這邊的時態變化可以用下面的例子來了解:
Pluperfect
I had studied this and so I understood it.
 ↑pluperfect(A)    ↑past(B)
Perfect
I have studied this and so I understand it.
 ↑perfect(B)      ↑present(C)
Future perfect
I will have studied (by tomorrow) and so I will understand it.
 ↑future perfect(B)          ↑future(E)
我們可以用下面的時間線更深入地了解上述狀況:
A(更過去)  B(過去)  C(現在)  D(未來) E(更未來)
  ß——Pluperfect——à       
       ß——Perfect——-à
                     ß—Future Perfect—à 
Synopsis
Pres.
Fut.
Imperfecf.
Perf.
Fut. Perf.
Pluperf.
Lat.
agit
aget
agebat
egit
egerit
Egerat
Eng.
He drives
He will drive
He was driving
He has driven
He will have driven
He had driven
VOCABVLA
NOUN
Adulescens, adulescentis
M,F
Young man or woman
Annus, anni
M
Year
Asia, asiae
F
Asia (asia minor)
Caesar, caesaris
M
Caesar
Mater, matris
F
Mother
Medicus, medici
Medica, medicae
M
F
Doctor, physician
Pater, patris
M
Father
Patientia, patientiae
F
Suffering; patience,endurance
Principium, principi
N
Beginning
ADJECTIVE
Acerbus, acerba, acerum
Harsh, bitter, grievous
OTHER
Pro
prep
+abl, in front of, on behalf of, for the sake of, in return for, instead of, for, as
Diu
adv
Long, for a long time
Nuper
adv
Recently
VERB
Amitto. Amittere, amisi, amissum
To send away; lose, let go
Cado, cadere, cecidi, casurum
To fall
Creo, creare. Creavi, creatum
To creat
EXERCITATIONES
That friendly queen did not remain there a long time.
Illa amica regina ibi diu non remansit.
Our mothers had not understood the nature of that place.
Nostrae matres naturam illius locorum non intellexerant.
However, we had found no fault in the head of our country.
Non culpam in capite nostrae patriae inveneramus.
They kept sending her to him with me.
Eam ei cum me amittebant.
SENTENTIAE ANTIQUA
1. In prīncipiō Deus creāvit caelum et terram; et Deus creāvit hominem. (Genesis)
In the beginning, God created the sky and the land; and God created human.
2. In triumphō Caesar praetulit hunc titulum: “Vēnī, vīdī, vīcī.” (Suetonius. — triumphus, –ī, m., triumphal processionpraeferō, -ferre, -tulī, -lātum, to display— titulus, -ī, m., placard)
In the triumph, Caesar displayed this placard: “I came, I saw, I conquered.”
3. Vīxit, dum vīxit, bene. (*Terence)
When he lived, he lived will.
4. Adulēscēns vult diū vīvere; senex diū vīxit. (Cicero. — vult, irg., wishes— senex senis, m, old man)
A young man wishes to live long; an old man has lived long.
5. Nōn ille diū vīxit, sed diū fuit. (*Seneca.)
That man did not live for a long time, but he has been for a long time.
6. Hui, dīxistī pulchrē. (*Terence. — hui, “whee!” pulchrē, adv, from pulcher.)
Hurray, you(sg.) spoke beautifully!
7. Sophoclēs ad summam senectūtem tragoediās fēcit. (*Cicero. — Sophoclēs, -clis summus, -a, -um, extreme — tragoedia, -ae, tragedy)
Sophocles made tragedies to extreme old age.
8. Illī nōn sōlum pecūniam sed etiam vītam prō patriā prōfūdērunt. (Cicero. — prōfundō, -ere, -fūdī, -fūsum, to pour forth)
They poured forth not only money but also their life for the fatherland.
9. Rēgēs Rōmam ā prīncipiō habuērunt; lībertātem Lūcius Brūtus Rōmānīs dedit. (Tacitus. — ā+abl. from. )
Kings held Rome from the beginning; Lucius Brutus gave freedom to the Romans.
10. Sub Caesare autem lībertātem perdidimus. (Laberius. — perdō, -ere, -didī, -ditum, to destroy, lose.)
However, we lost our freedom under Caesar.
11. Quandō lībertās ceciderit, nēmō līberē dīcere audēbit. (Publilius Syrus.)
When liberty will have fallen, no one will dare to speak freely.

THE DEATH OF FUNDANUS’ DAUGHTER
(Pliny, Epistulae 5.16; see L.I. 40. — XIII annōs 十三年來。acc表時間延續。Minicius Fundanus 107年擔任執政官;他女兒的骨灰和下面的墓誌銘發現於羅馬近郊的家族墓地:D[īs] M[ānibus] Miniciae Marcellae Fundānī f[īliae]; v[īxit] a[nnōs] XII m[ēnsēs] XI d[iēs] VII. the dī manes to whom the epitaph is dedicated were the spirit of the dead, who protected the deceased. menses, —diēs )
Salvē, Marcellīne! Haec tibi scrībō dē Fundānō, amīcō nostrō; is fīliam cāram et bellam āmīsit.
Greeting, Marcelline! I write this to you about Fundano, our friend; he sent away his dear and beautiful daughter.
Illa puella nōn XIII annōs vīxerat, sed nātūra eī multam sapientiam dederat.
This girl did not live 13 years, but the nature had given her much wisdom.
Mātrem patremque, frātrem sorōremque, nōs et aliōs amīcōs, magistrōs magistrāsque semper amābat, et nōs eam amābāmus laudābāmusque.
She used to always love her mather and father, brother and sister, us and the other friends, teahers and female teachers, and we used to love her and praise her.
Medicī eam adiuvāre nōn poterant.
Doctors were not able to help her.
Quoniam illa autem magnōs animōs habuit, morbum nimis malum cum patientiā tolerāvit.
Since that girl, however, had great courage, she tolerate excessive vicious disease with patient.
Nunc, mī amīce, mitte Fundānō nostrō litterās dē fortūnā acerbā fīliae eius. Valē.
Now, my friend, send our Fundane a letter about the grievous fortune of his daughter. Good bye.
DIAULUS STILL BURIES HIS CLIENTS
(*Martial 1.47; meter: elegiac couplet. — vespillō, -lōnis, m, undertaker quod, what –et = etiam, even)
這則短詩非常有趣,在諷刺Diaulus作為一個醫生,做的事情卻跟殯葬業者沒有兩樣。
Nūper erat medicus, nunc est vespillō Diaulus.
Recently he was a doctor, now Diaulus is an undertaker.
Quod vespillō facit, fēcerat et medicus.
What the undertaker does, even the doctor had done. 

增進聽力、口說的迷思

初稿於PTT TOEFL版

很多人以為聽力不好的問題是來自於自己的耳朵不夠靈敏,只要聽越多次就越能提升自己的聽力。但是花了四五個小時甚至是四五周,聽力依然慘兮兮。這是為什麼?

聽力不好的根本原因,其實不是耳朵靈敏與否(除非你真的是聽障人士),而是對於英文句法、英文單字不熟悉。舉個例子來說,沒有學過日文的人聽到アンタバカ?(antabaka),聽過了馬上忘記,因為這對完全不會日文的人來說只是一串沒有意義的聲音而已,相同的問題也可以拿德文的Danke(謝謝)、拉丁文的Amabo te(請)來當例子,這些字你不認識,不了解她如何發音,那對你來說跟「餔哩轟嘎掐嘎」有甚麼差異?

了解字詞的意義、發音只是聽懂句子的第一步而已。雖然不同語言的文法規則不盡相同,但每個語言都會有自己一套系統來傳達意義。如果對於文法規則不熟悉,則雖然知道德文中有一種動詞叫做可分離動詞,在直述句時動詞的前加音節會分開,所以會出現Ich kaufe das ein. 這種句子,如果對規則不夠熟,那聽到了只會慌慌張張地想說「Ich是I的意思、kaufe是kaufen的第一人稱變化,das是…咦咦怎麼還有ein!所以是einkaufen不是kuafe嗎!?啊!這整句話的內容忘記了!」

所以聽力要增強,不是一直聽就有效,聽安立奎的歌聽一百次,沒學過西班牙文發音、文法、單字,還是聽不懂不是嗎?

除了多背單字、熟悉文法外,幫助聽力加強更重要的功夫是「鸚鵡學舌」。一邊聽別人怎麼說英文一邊跟著說一模一樣的句子,這樣才能了解自己說話跟別人說話有甚麼不一樣、有哪些字是自己為很了解其實一點都不了解。

最簡單又最有效率的方式是同時開TPO的聽力檔還有script,然後把TPO的聽力用windows media player的增強功能調慢速度成70%,戴好耳機後盯著script照著念。熟練以後,可以漸漸把速度調到80%->90%甚至100%

一邊念就會發現有一些音是自己念不好的。通常,會念不好就代表過去都念錯或是不熟。

如果過去都念錯,那聽到正確發音的字也無法透過耳朵辨認出來是很正常的事情
如果是不熟,那會聽不出來也是很正常的…

其實練聽力跟練寫作也有點像,都是要靠練習「主動輸出」才會進步,而聽力的主動輸出就是嘴巴!這樣練習不只可以幫助自己了解有那些字其實自己並不熟悉,還可以順便調整自己的intonation,intonation越正確,就越能跟聽力中的講者講的話有一種「重合起來」的感覺。用比喻來說的話,就是聽力可能是do re mi,而自己的intonation正確以後,雖然音高會不一樣,但是高音do re mi,所以會疊在一起。

這樣的進步成效很快也很好確認。因為戴著耳機聽聽力、講話時,可以順便開windows內建的錄音筆功能錄音。開始講之前就按一下錄音開始,然後再按聽力開始、跟著唸。唸完後就可以聽一次自己的錄音檔(通常第一次聽到自己的聲音時會備感震驚,多聽幾次就會習慣…)。

聽力跟口說的進步真的都是長在嘴巴上的!重複一直聽其實進步效果非常有限…因為會聽不懂,問題不是在於耳朵不靈敏,而是在於長期以來的錯誤發音、對單字掌握不熟。有一次我一位學長突然問我「你知道Orgy這個字嗎?Orgy、就是Orgy啊!」我聽了好幾次都聽不懂,後來他一寫出o, r, g, y四個letter,我馬上就知道是甚麼字了…因為這個字我只有在考GRE時「看過」、「背過」,而從來沒有用嘴巴「講過」,自然耳朵也從來沒有「聽過」。這件事情讓我印象很深刻,因為我比較習慣安靜的背單字,很多比較少用到的單字都沒有唸出來過,所以聽BBC或是CNN聽到他們時,常常需要比較久的時間才能反應過來。

另外一個迷思是,要增強口說跟聽力就要用shadowing!

shadowing之所以powerful,重點在於練習的人要很認真地聽每一句話,重新輸出,所以每個細節都要好好充分掌握才能輸出,有能力做這個練習的當然進步會快。一邊聽時就一邊知道哪邊要連音、自己哪裡發音發錯、meaning units要怎麼斷等等。這是非常高密度的練習,作起來非常的累,其實一般外文系學生一開始作也非常挫折。

我自己是覺得對於程度沒有那麼好的人來說,做shadowing根本是不會爬就要飛,畢竟一般來說shadowing是要練口譯的人才會練……

重點若是放在在於對字詞的掌握以及intonation的調整的話
用我推薦的練習方式其實進步成效就很明顯了

Teach yourself Latin XI

CAPVT XI
Personal pronouns: ego, tu, is
本章介紹拉丁文中的人稱代名詞以及其變化規則。
第一第二人稱代名詞之變化如下:
I
WE
YOU(sg.)
YOU(pl)
N
G
D
A
A
Ego
Mei
Mihi
Me
Me
Nos
Nostrum/nostri
Nobis
Nos
Nobis
Tu
Tui
Tibi
Te
Te
Vos
Vertrum/vestri
Vobis
Vos
Vobis
第三人稱的變化比較複雜一點,但單數時的基本規則跟先前的hic, heac, hoc有點像,而複數形的規則基本上跟先前學過的形容詞變化沒有太大差異。
He, this man
She, this woman
It, this thing
N
G
D
A
A
Is
Eius
Ei
Eum
Eo
Ea
Eius
Ei
Eam
Ea
Id
Eius
Ei
Id[1]
Eo
N
G
D
A
A
Ei,ii
Eorum
Eis
Eos
Eis
Eae
Earum
Eis
Eas
Eis
Ea
Eorum
Eis
Ea
Eis
代名詞的用法其實跟一般英文也沒有太大差異,比方說:
Ego tibi libros dabo.
I will give the books to you.
還滿簡單的,唯一的問題就是要背熟各個人稱的declensions而已。
通常羅馬人使用ego等代名詞時,代表他要強調是「我」去如何如何,一般情況下,由於動詞字尾會表述出人稱,並不需要額外在使用這些代名詞來指出人稱。
此外,先前教過用形容詞去說my book, your book,那可以用genitive case去表述相同的意思嗎?答案是:在大多數的情況下不能這樣使用,還是必須要用形容詞meus, mea, meumtuus, tua, tuum修飾,複數時也一樣。通常只有在第三人稱時才會用genitive case去表達所有格。
IS, EA, ID AS DEMONSTRATIVE
Is/ea/id可以當成比較弱的指示詞,語氣上比起hic或是ille還要弱一點。
要談「一樣的人//物」時,可以在代名詞後面接上-dem。但由於發音的關係,所以在acc.eom, eam, id要改成eondem, eandem, idemgen.時則為eorundem, earundem, eorundem
VOCABVLA
NOUN
Caput, capitis
M
Head; leader; beginning; life; heading; chapter
Consul, consulis
M
Consul
Nemo, nullius, nemini, neminem, nullo/nulla
M
F
No one, no body
Ego, mei
I
Tu, tui
You
Is, ea, id
This, that; he, she, it
Idem, eadem, idem
The same
ADJECTIVE
Amicus, amica, amicum
Friendly
Carus, cara, carum
Dear
OTHER
Quod
conj
Because
Neque, nec
conj
And not, nor;
neque….neque or nec…nec, niether nor
Autem
Post
conj
However, moreover
Bene
adv
Of bonus, well, satisfactorily, quite
Etiam
adv
Even, also
VERB
Intellego, intellegere, intellexi, intellectum
To understand
Mitto, mittere, misi, missum
To sent, let go
Sentio, sentire, sensi, sensum
To feel, perceive, think, experience
EXERCITATIONES
1. Eum ad eam cum aliō agricolā herī mittēbant.
They sent him to her with the other farmer yesterday.
2. Tū autem fīliam beātam eius nunc amās.
However you now love happy daughter of him.
3. Propter amīcitiam, ego hoc faciō. Quid tū faciēs, mī amīce?
Because of friendship, I do this. What will you do, my friend?
4. Vōsne eāsdem litterās ad eum mittere crās audēbitis?
Will you dare to send the same letter to him tomorrow?
5. Dūc mē ad eius discipulam (ad eam discipulam), amābō tē.
Lead me to his student (to that student), please.
6. Post laborem eius grātiās magnās agēmus.
After his great labor, we will give him great thanks.
7. Tūne vēritātem in eō librō dēmōnstrās?
Do you show the truth in this book?
8. Audē, igitur, esse semper īdem.
Therefore, always dare to be the same.
9. Venitne nātūra mōrum nostrōrum ex nōbīs sōlīs?
Does the nature of our character come from us alone?
10. Dum ratiō nōs dūcet, valēbimus et multa bene gerēmus.
When reason will lead us, we will be strong and accomplish many things well.
11. Illum timōrem in hōc virō ūnō invenīmus.
We find that fear in this one man.
12. Sine labōre autem nūlla pāx in cīvitātem eōrum veniet.
Without labor, however, no peace will come into their state.
13. Studium nōn sōlum pecūniae sed etiam voluptātis hominēs nimium trahit; aliī eās cupiditātēs vincere possunt, aliī nōn possunt.
Eagerness drags humans not only for money but also for pleasure too much; some can overcome these desires, others cannot.
14. His life was always dear to the whole people.
Vita eius populo toti semper erat cara.
15. You will often find them and their friends with me in this place.
Eas et amicos earum in hoc loco mecum saepe invenies.
16. We, however, shall now capture their forces on this road.
Nos autem copias eorum in ea via nunc capiemus.
17. Since I was saying the same things to him about you and his other sisters, your brother was not listening.
Quoniam eadem de te et aliis eius sororibus ei dicebam, frater tuus non audiebat.
SENTENTIAE ANTIQUAE
1. Virtūs tua mē amīcum tibi facit. (Horace.)
Your virtue makes me a friend to you.
2. Id sōlum est cārum mihi. (Terence. — cārus)
It alone is dear to me.
3. Sī valēs, bene est; ego valeō. (Pliny. — bene est, it is well.)
If you healthy, that is well; I am healthy.
4. Bene est mihi quod tibi bene est. (Pliny. From letter.—bene est, idiom, it’s good/that’s good
What is well for you is well for me.
5. “Valē.” “Et tū bene valē.” (Terence.)
Good-bye.” “And you good-bye (well).”
6. Quid hī dē tē nunc sentiunt? (Cicero.)
What do these men now think of you?
7. Omnēs idem sentiunt. (*Cicero. — omnēs, all men)
Everyone thinks the same thing.
8. Videō nēminem ex eīs hodiē esse amīcum tibi. (Cicero. —nēminem, none)
I see that none of them is a friend of you today.
9. Hominēs vidēre caput Cicerōnis in Rōstrīs poterant. (Livy. — eius: Antony proscribed Cicero and had the great orator’s head cut off and displayed on the Rostra—rostra, -orum)
The men were able to see Cicero’s head on the Rostrum.
10. Nōn omnēs eadem amant aut eāsdem cupiditātēs studiaque habent. (Horace.)
Not all men love the same things or have the same desires and pursuits.
11. Nec tēcum possum vīvere nec sine tē. (*Martial.)
I can live neither with you nor without you.
12. Vērus amīcus est alter īdem. (Cicero. — alter īdem: a second self)
A true friend is a “second self.”
CICERO DENOUNCES CATILINE IN THE SENATE
(Cicero. In Catilīnam 1.1.ff.)
Senātus: senate
Dēsignāre, design
Mors, mortis, f, death
Apertē, adv, openly
Quid facis, Catilīna? Quid cōgitās? Sentīmus magna vitia īnsidiāsque tuās.
What are you doing, Catiline? What are you thinking? We feel your great vices and treachery.
O tempora! O mōrēs! Senātus haec intellegit, cōnsul videt.
O the times! O the customs! The senate understands these, the consul sees.
Hic tamen vīvit. Vīvit? Etiam in senātum venit; etiam nunc cōnsilia agere audet; oculīs dēsignat ad mortem nōs!
This man lives nevertheless. He lives? He even comes into the senate; he even dares to carry out the plans now; with his eyes he designs us to death!
Et nōs, bonī virī, nihil facimus! Ad mortem tē, Catilīna, cōnsul et senātus dūcere dēbent.
And we, good men, we do nothing! To death, you Catiline, the consul and senate should lead!
Cōnsilium habēmus et agere dēbēmus; sī nunc nōn agimus, nōs, nōs — apertē dīcō– errāmus!
We have a judgment and we must conduct (it); if we will not conduct (it) now, we, we – I openly say – we are wrong!
Fuge nunc, Catilīna, et dūc tēcum amīcōs tuōs.
Flee now, Catiline, and take your friends with you.
Nōbīscum remanēre nōn potes; nōn tē, nōn istōs, nōn cōnsilia vestra tolerābō!
You can not remain with us; not you, not them, not your plans will I tolerate!


[1] 乍看之下,好像是Id與其他詞性之定三人稱代名詞比較起來比較奇怪,但其實想一下donum的變化方式,就會發現其實neuter pronouns一點也不奇怪。

Teach yourself Latin X

CAPVT X
本課介紹第四種變化的動詞。
此種動詞變化基本上與第三變化相差無幾,只是在字根上會多保留一個-i-,如下所示:
Present active indicative
Agere, I lead
Audire, I hear
Capere, I take
Ago
Agis
Agit
Agimus
Agitis
Agunt
Audio
Audis
Audit
Audimus
Auditis
Audiunt
Capio
Capis
Capit
Capimus
Capitis
Capiunt
Future active indicative
Agam
Ages
Aget
Agemus
Agetis
Agent
Audi-am
Audi-es
Audi-et
Audi-emus
Audi-etis
Audi-ent
Capi-am
Capi-es
Capi-et
Capi-emus
Capi-etis
Capi-ent
Imperfect active indicative
Agebam
Agebas
Agebat
Agebamus
Agebatis
Agebant
Audi-ebam
Audi-ebas
Audi-ebat
Audi-ebamus
Audi-ebatis
Audi-ebant
Capi-ebam
Capi-ebas
Capi-ebat
Capi-ebamus
Capi-ebatis
Capi-ebant
Present active imperative
Sg. Age
Pl. Agite
Audi
Audite
Cape
Capite
VOCABVLA
NOUN
Amīcitia, -ae
f
Friendship
Cupiditās, cupiditātis
f
Desire, longing, passion; cupidity, avarice
Hōra, -ae
f
Hour, time
Nātura, -ae
f
Nature
Senectūs, senectūtis
f
Old age
Timor, timōris
m
Fear
Vēritās, vēritātis
f
Truth
Via, -ae
f
Way
Voluptās, voluptātis
f
pleasure
ADJECTIVE
Beatus, -a, -um
Happy, fortunate, blessed
OTHER
Quoniam
Conj.
Since, inasmuch as
Cum
Prep.
+abl., with
VERB
Audio, audīre, audīvī, audītum
To hear, listen to
Capiō, capere, cēpī, captum
To take, capture, seize, get
Dīcō, dīcere, dīxī, dictum
To say, tell, speak; name, call
Faciō, facere, fēcī, factum
To make, do, accomplish
Fugiō, fugere, fūgī, fugitum
To flee, hurry away; escape; go into exile; avoid, shun
Veniō, venire, vēnī, ventum
To come
Inveniō, invenīre, invēnī, inventum
To come upon, find
Vivo, vīvere, vīxī, vīctum
To live
EXERCITATIONES
1. Quid discipulae hodiē discere dēbent?
What should students learn today?
2. Frātrēs nihil cum ratiōne herī gerēbant.
The brothers were conducting nothing without reason yesterday.
3. Ille magnam virtūtem labōris et studiī docēre saepe audet.
That man often dares to teach the great virtue of work and study.
4. Hic dē senectūte scrībēbat; ille, dē amōre; et alius, dē lībertāte.
He used to write about the old age; that man about love; and another about freedom.
5. Ex librīs ūnīus virī nātūram hārum īnsidiārum dēmōnstrābimus.
From the books of one man, we will demonstrate the nature of the treachery.
6. Istī sōlī victōriam nimis amant; neuter dē pāce cōgitat.
Those men alone love victory too much; neither thinks of peace.
7. Ubi cīvitās ūllōs virōs magnae sapientiae audiet?
When will the state listen to any men of great wisdom?
8. Ex illīs terrīs in hunc locum salvum cum amīcīs vestrīs venīte.
Come out of those countries into this safe place with your(pl.) friends.
這邊的in後面加的是acc,表示是一種動態性的狀態,故要翻譯成into
9. Post paucās hōrās sorōrem illīus invenīre poterāmus.
After a few hours, we were able to find that man’s sister.
10. Cōpiae vestrae utrum virum ibi numquam capient.
Your troops will never capture either man there.
11. Alter Graecus remedium huius morbī inveniet.
The other Greek will find the remedy of this disease.
12. Carmina illīus scrīptōris sunt plēna nōn sōlum vēritātis sed etiam virtūtis.
Poems of that writer are not only full of truth but also of virtue.
13. We shall then come to your land without any friends.
Tum ad terram tuam veniemus sine amicis.
14. While he was living, nevertheless, we were able to have no peace.
Dum vivebat, tamen, nullam pacem habere poteramus.
15. The whole state now shuns and will always shun these vices.
Tota civitas haec vitia nunc fugit et semper fugiet.
16. He will, therefore, thank the queen and the whole people.
Reginae igitur populoque toti gratias aget.
注意,thanks somebody在拉丁文中是給予某人一個感謝,所以「某人」是dative case而不是accusative case


SENTENTIAE ANTIQUAE


1. Cupiditātem pecūniae glōriaeque fugite. (Cicero)
Avoid the desire of money and glory.

2. Officium meum faciam. (*Terence.)
I shall do my duty.

3. Fāma tua et vīta fīliae tuae in perīculum crās venient. (Terence.)
Your fame and your daughter’s life will come into danger tomorrow.

4. Vīta nōn est vīvere sed vālēre. (Martial.)
Life is not to live but to be well.

5. Semper magnō cum timōre incipiō dīcere. (Cicero. — incipiō, -ere, to begin)
I always begin to speak with great fear.
這句話體現了拉丁文一個特點,如果cum+abl中的abl被形容詞修飾,則開形容詞放在cum前,而非abl前。

6. Sī mē dūcēs, Mūsa, corōnam magnā cum laude capiam. (Lucretius. — Mūsa, -ae corona, -ae, crown)
If you guide me, Muse, I shall take the crown with great praise.

7. Vīve memor mortis; fugit hōra. (Persius. — memor, mindful of mors, mortis, f, death )
Live mindful of death; time flies.

8. Rapite, amīcī, occāsiōnem hōrā. (Horace. — rapiō, -ere, catch occasion, -ōnis, f, opportunity )
Seize, friends, the opportunity from the time.

9. Paucī veniunt ad senectūtem. (*Cicero.)
Few come to old age.

10. Sed fugit, intereā, fugit tempus. (Virgil. — intereā, adv, meanwhile)
But it flees, meanwhile, time flees.
這句話就是time flies的起源。

11. Fāta viam invenient. (*Virgil. — fātum, -ī, n,  fate)
The Fates will find a way.

12. Bonum virum nātūra, nōn ōrdō, facit. (*Publilius Syrus. — ōrdō, -dinis, m, rank)
Nature, not rank makes a good man.

13. Obsequium parit amīcōs; vēritās parit odium. (Cicero. — obsequium, -iī,compliance pariō, -ere, to produce odium, -iī, hate)
Compliance produces friends; truth produces hatred.





THE INCOMPARABLE VALUE OF FRIENDSHIP

Cicero. Dē Amīcitiā, excerpts; see L.A.6.
Comparāre, compare melius, better mālunt, prefer incertus, -a, -um, uncertain


Nihil cum amīcitiā possum comparāre; dī hominibus nihil melius dant.
I can compare nothing with friendship; the gods give nothing better to men.

Pecūniam aliī mālunt; aliī, corpora sāna; aliī, fāmam glōriamque; aliī, voluptātēs.
Some prefer money; the other, sound bodies; some, fame and glory; the other, pleasures


— sed hī virī nimium errant, quoniam illa sunt incerta et ex fortūnā veniunt, nōn ex sapientiā.
—but these men err too much, since those things are unsure and come from fortune, not from wisdom.

Amīcitia enim ex sapientiā et amōre et mōribus bonīs et virtūte venit; sine virtūte amīcitia nōn potest esse.
Friendship truly comes from wisdom and love and good character and virtue; friendship cannot be without virtue.

Sī nūllōs amīcōs habēs, habēs vītam tyrannī; sī inveniēs amīcum vērum, vīta tua erit beāta.
If you have no friends, you have a life of tyrant; if you will find a true friend, your life will be happy.