April 2012 – Aurophi

Teach Yourself Latin

CAPVT XX

Fourth declension

本章內容簡易，就是介紹第四變化名詞以及ablative
case作為從哪地來、與某物遠離之意的例子。

第四變化規則如下：

Fructus, m., fruit		Cornu, n., horn
Fructus Fructus Fructui Fructum Fructu	-us -us -ui -um -u	Cornu Cornus Cornu Cornu Cornu	-u -us -u -u -u

Fructus Fructuum Fructuibus Fructus Fructuibus	-us -uum -ibus -us -ibus	Cornua Cornuum Cornibus Cornua Cornibus	-ua -uum -ibus -ua -ibus

Ablative of
place from which在之前就已經看過，這樣的用法通常會搭配介係詞如ab, de, ex，如：

Graeci a patria
sua ad Italiam navigaverunt.

The Greeks sailed from their own land to Italy.

Flumen ad montibus
in mare fluxit.

The river flowed from montains into the sea.

Multi ex agris in
urbem venient.

Many men come from fields into the city.

Cicero hostes ab urbe misit.

Cicero sent the enemy away from the city.

而ablative
of separation則表示有某人或是某物與某物分開、隔開(someone
or something is separate from another)，這個用法並非表示透過動作、運動從某地到另一處，而且通常不會有介係詞。尤其是在to
free, to lack, to deprive這些意義時。如：

Cicero hostes ab
urbe prohibuit.

Cicero kept the enemy away from the city.

Eos timore
liberavit

He freed them from fear.

Agricolae pecunia
saepe carebant.

Farmers were often lacking money.

VOCABVLA

NOUN
Coniurati, coniuratorum	m	Pl. conspirators
Cornu, cornus	n	Horn
Fructus, fructus	m	Fruit; profit, benefit, enjoyment
Genu, genus	n	Knee
Manus, manus	f	Hand; handwriting; band
Metus, metus	m	Fear, dread, anxiety
Mons, montis	m	Mountain
Senatus, senatus	m	Senate
Sensus, sensus	m	Feeling, sense
Servitus, servitutis	f	Servitude, slavery
Spiritus, spiritus	m	Breathing; spirit, soul
Versus, versus	m	Line of verse
ADJECTIVE
Communis, communis, commune		Common, general, of/for the community
Dexter, dextra, dextrum		Right, right-hand
Sinister, sinistra, sinistrum		Left, left-hand; harmful, ill-omened
VERB
Careo, carere, carui, cariturum		+abl, of separation, to be without, to deprived of, want, lack; be free from
Defend, defedere, defendi, defesum		To ward off; defend, protect
Discedo, discedere, discessi, discessum		To go away, depart
Odi, odisse, osum		A DEFECTIVE VERB, force, to hate
Prohibeo, prohibere, prohibui, prohibitum		To keep (back), prevent, hinder, restrain, prohibit
Pronuntio, pronuntiare, pronuntiavi, pronuntiatum		To proclaim, announce; declaim; pronounce

EXERCITATIONES

1. Etiam senēs frūctibus sapientiae et
cōnsiliīs argūmentīsque certīs saepe carērer videntur.

Even
old men often seem to lack the fruits of wisdom, plans and certain proof(s).

2. Aut ingentē montēs aut flūmina celeria
quae dē montibus fluēbant hostēs ab urbe prohibēbant.

Either the huge mountains or
swift rivers that were flowing down from the mountains were keeping the enemy away
from the city.

3. Quoniam nimis fortia facta faciēbat,
aetās eius erat brevis.

Since
he was doing deeds too brave, his life was short.

4. Illa medica facere poterat multa manū
dextrā sed sinistrā manū pauca.

That (female)
doctor was able to accomplish many things with her right hand, but few with left
hand.

5. At vēritās nōs metū gravī iam līberābit
quō diū territī sumus.

But, the truth will soon free us from the grim dread by which
we have been frightened for a long time.

6. Quibus generibus scelerum sinistrōrum
illae duae cīvītātēs dēlētae
erunt?

By what
types of harmful crimes will
have been destroyed by those two states?

7. Quī mortālis sine amīcitiā et probitāte
et beneficiō in aliōs potest esse beātus?

What
mortal can be happy without friendship, probity, and kindness into others?

8. Pater pecūniam ex Graeciā in suam
patriam movēre coeperat, nam familia discēdere cupīvit.

The
father had begun to move money out of Greece into his own country, for his
family wanted to go away.

9. Ā quibus studium difficilium atrium eō
tempore neglēctum est?

By whom
was the study of the difficult arts neglected at that time?

10. Ubi versūs illīus auctōris clārī lēctī
sunt, audītōrēs delectātī sunt.

When
that famous author’s verses were read, the audience were delighted.

11. Sē cito iēcērunt ad genua iūdicum, quī
autem nūllam clēmentiam dēmōnstrāvērunt.

They
quickly threw themselves to the judges’ knees, who however showed no mercy.

12. Istī coniurātī ab urbe prohibērī
nōn possunt.

Those despicable conspirators of yours cannot be held
bake from the city.

13. We cannot have the fruits of peace,
unless we ourselves free our families from heavy dread.

Non
possumus fructus pacis habere, nisi ipsi nostras familias metu gravi liberamus.

13. Those bands of unfortunate men and
women will come to us from other countries in which they are deprived of the
benefits of citizenship.

Illae
manus virorum feminarumque infortunatarum ab aliis patriis ad nos venient in
quibus fructibus
civitatis carent.

14. The old men lacked neither games nor
serious pursuits.

Nec
ludis nec studiis gravibus senes carebant.

15. Who began to perceive our common fears
of serious crime?

Quis nostros
timores communes sceleris gravis sentire coepit?

SENTENTIAE
ANTIQUAE

1. Cornua cervum ā perīculīs dēfendunt.
(Martial. –cervus, -ī, m., stag)

Horns
defend a stag from dangers.

2. Oedipūs duōbus oculīs sē prīvāvit.
(Cicero. –prīvāre, to deprive)

Oedipus
deprived himself of (his own) two eyes.

3. Themistoclēs bellō Persicō Graeciam
servitūte līberāvit. (Cicero. –Persicus, -a, -um, Persian)

Themistocles,
In the Persian war, freed Greece from slavery.

4. Dēmosthenēs multōs versūs ūnō spīritū
prōnūntiābat. (Cicero.)

Demosthenes
used to recite many verses in one breath.

5. Persicōs apparātūs ōdī. (Horace. –apparatus,
-ūs, m., equipment, display)

I hate
Persian equipment (pl. acc.).

6. Iste commūnī sēnsū caret. (Horace.)

That
man lacks common sense.

7. Senectūs nōs prīvat omnibus
voluptātibus neque longē abest ā morte. (Cicero. –longē : adv., of longus –absum, to
be away)

Old age
deprives us of all pleasures and is not far from death.

8. Nūllus accūsātor caret culpā; omnēs
peccāvimus. (Seneca. –accusator, -tōris, m. accuser –peccāre, to sin)

No
accuser lacks fault; we all have sinned.

9. Nūlla pars vītae vacāre officiō potest.
(Cicero. –vacāre,
to be free from)

No part
of life can be free from duty.

10. Prīma virtūs est vitiō carēre.
(Quintilian.)

The
primary virtue is to free from vice.

11. Vir scelere vacuus nōn eget iaculīs
neque arcū. (Horace. –vacuus, -a, -um, free from –egēre, to
need –iaculum, -ī, n., javelin –arcus, -ūs, m., bow)

A man
free from crime does not need javelins, nor a bow.

Egeo,
egēre, egui+abl., or gen., need, lack,
want

12. Magnī tumultūs urbem eō tempore
miscēbant. (Cicero. –tumultus, -ūs, m., tumult)

Great tumults
were stirring up the city at that time.

13. Litterae senātuī populōque allobrogum
manibus coniūrātōrum ipsōrum erant scrīptae. (Cicero. –Allobrogēs, -gum, m., pl., a Gallic tribe whom the
Catilinarian conspirators tried to arouse against Rome.)

A
letter to the senate and people of the Allobroges had been written by the hands
of the conspirators themselves.

CICERO
URGES CATILINE’S DEPARTURE FROM ROME

(Cicero. In Catilīnam 1.1.3ff; –cōnsultum, -ī, n., deree –vehemēns, gen. vehementis, vehemence –scelerātus, -a, -um, wicked, criminal, defiled -Manlius: was
one of Catiline’s principal
feoolow conspirators )

Habēmus senātūs consultum contrā tē,
Catilīna, vehemēns et grave; ācre iūdicium habēmus, et vīrēs et cōnsilium
cīvitās nostra habet.

we have
the deree of the senate against you, Catilina, vehemence and serious; we have
sharp judgement, our state has both power and plan.

Quid est, Catilīna? Cūr remanēs? O dī
immortālēs!

What is
is, Catilina? Why you remain? O immortal gods!

Discēde nunc ex hāc urbe cum malā manū
scelerātōrum; magnō metū mē līberābis, sī omnēs istōs coniūrātōs tēcum ēdūcēs.

Leave now
from this city with the evil bands of crimes: you will free me from great fear,
if you lead all those despicable consipirators with you.

Nisi nunc discēdēs, tē cito eiciēmus. Nihil
in cīvitāte nostrā tē dēlectāre potest.

Unless
now you leave, we will throw you away quickly. Nothing in our state can delight
you.

Age, age! Deinde curre ad Manlium, istum
amīcum malum; tē diū dēsīderāvit.

Go, go!
Then run to Manlium, that evil friend of yours: he has longed for you for a
long time.

Incipe nunc; gere bellum in cīvitātem!
Brevī tempore tē omnēsque tuōs, hostēs patriae, vincēmus, et omnēs vōs poenās
gravēs semper dabitis.

Begin now;
wage a war into the state! In a brief time we will conquer you and all men of
yours, the enemy of our fatherland, and all of you will always pay the serious
penalty

Teach yourself Latin XIX

CAPVT XIX

Perfect passive system

上一章介紹過Present passives，那接下來當然是Perfect家族啦！perfect passive其實也非常的簡單，就是將被動詞單字時的第四個部分—perfect
passive participle加上sum,
ero, eram，組合起來就是perfect
indicative passive了。

Perfect Indicative Passive	Future Perfect Indicative Passive	Pluperfect Indicative Passive
I was praised, have been praised	I will have been praised	I had been praised
Laudatus, -a, -um sum Laudatus, -a, -um es Laudatus, -a, -um est Laudati, -ae, -a sumus Laudati, -ae, -a estis Laudati, -ae, -a sunt	Laudatus, -a, -um ero Laudatus, -a, -um eris Laudatus, -a, -um erit Laudati, -ae, -a erimus Laudati, -ae, -a eritis Laudati, -ae, -a erunt	Laudatus, -a, -um eram Laudatus, -a, -um eras Laudatus, -a, -um erat Laudati, -ae, -a eramus Laudati, -ae, -a eratis Laudati, -ae, -a erant

如果發話者是女性，則用laudata
sum表示「我(女性)被稱讚過」。

雖然說participle+sum在拉丁文中組合成一個被動動詞單位，但它的本質還是predicative
adjective，所以很自然的，participle必須要與其欲修飾的名詞和於詞性、單複數以及格。

本課的第二個重點為Interrogative
pronoun

如同英文中的Who?
What? Whose?等疑問詞，拉丁文也有這樣的疑問代名詞。拉丁文中的疑問代名詞大致上與關係代名詞相同：

singular			plural
M	F	N	M	F	N
Quis Quius Cui Quem Quo	Quis Quius Cui Quem Quo	Quid Quius Cui Quid Quo	Qui Quorum Quibus Quos Quibus	Quae Quarum Quibus Quas Quibus	Quae Quorum Quibus Quae Quibus

不過，在拉丁文中的qui, quae, quod與英文比較起來，是更加詳細的去問到底是哪一個人事物(原文為：qui, quae, quod asks for
more specific identification of a person or thing)。比方說：

Quod signum vides?

What sign do you see?

Quae femina consilium habet?

Which woman has a plan?

In qua urbe vivimus?

In what kind of city are we living?

有時，這樣的句法也有驚嘆的意思。有點像what
a good boy he is的感覺。比方說quos
mores malos isti habent! What terrible morals those men have!

由於關係代名詞跟疑問代名詞在大部分的情況下都長的一樣，所以要如何區變兩者變成了一個問題。除了從文句脈絡來區辨以外，還有下面三種區辦方式：第一、疑問代名詞通常是要問到底是哪個人事物，而且在其之前不會有前加詞(antecedent)，句尾也常出現問號。第二、疑問詞的詞性、單複數、格都會合於其所欲詢問的事物。第三、關係代名詞通常都會引入從屬子句，而且會有前加詞，也沒有要問問題。

VOCABVLA

NOUN
Argumentum, argumenti	n	Proof, evidence, argument
Acutor, auctoris	m	Increaser; author, originator
Beneficium, beneficii	n	Benefit, kindness; favour
Familia, familiae	f	Household, family
Graecia, graeciae	f	Greece
iudex, iudicis	m	Judge, juror
Iudicium, iudicii	n	Judgment. Decision, opinion; trial
Scelus, sceleris	n	Evil deed, crime, sin, wickedness
Quis? Quid?		Who? Whose? Whom? What? Which?
Qui? Quae? Quod?		What? Which? What kind of?
ADJECTIVE
Certus, certa, certum		Definite, sure, certain, reliable
Gravis, gravis, grave		Heavy, weighty; serious, important; severe, grievous
Immortalis, immortalis, immortale		Immortal
OTHER
at	conj	But; but, mind you; but, you say; (a stronger adversative than sed)
nisi	conj	If…not; unless, except
contra	prep	+acc, against
iam	adv	Now, already, soon
VERB
Delecto, delectare, delectavi, delectatum		To delight, charm, please
Libero, liberare, liberavi, liberatum		To free, liberate
Paro, parare, paravi, paratum		To prepare, provide; get, obtain

EXERCITATIONES

1. Quis lībertātem
eōrum eō tempore dēlēre coepit?

Who began to destroy the freedom of them at that time?

2. Cuius lībertās ab istō auctōre deinde
dēlēta est?

Whose liberty was then destroyed by that author?

3. Quōs librōs
bonōs poēta caecus herī recitāvit?

What good books did the blind poet recite yesterday?

4. Fēminae librōs
difficilēs crās legent quōs mīsistī.

Tomorrow, the women will read the difficult books which
you sent.

5. Omnia flūmina
in mare fluunt et cum eō miscentur.

All rivers flow into the ocean and are mixed with it.

6. Itaque id genus
lūdōrum levium, quod ā multīs familiīs laudābātur, nōs ipsī numquam
cupimus.

And so, we ourselves never long for that type of trivial
game(s), which used to be praised by many families.

7. Puerī et
puellae propter facta bona ā mātribus patribusque laudātae sunt.

The boys and girls have been praised by their mothers and
fathers because of good deeds.

8. Cur istī
vēritātem timēbant, quā multī adiūtī erant?

Why did those men fear truth, by which many had been
helped?

9. Hostis trāns ingēns flūmen in Graeciā deinde
nāvigāvit.

An enemy then sailed across a vast river in Greece.

10. Quī vir fortis
clārusque, dē quō lēgistī, aetātem brevem mortemque celerem exspectābat?

What brave and famous man, of whom you have read, was
waiting for a brief life and swift death?

11. Quae studia
gravia tē semper dēlectant, aut quae nunc dēsīderās?

What serious studies always delight you, or which do you
now desire?

12. Who saw the
six men who had prepared this?

Quid vidit sex qui hoc paraverat?

13. What was
neglected by the second student yesterday?

Quid heri a secundo discipulo neglectum est?

14. We were helped
by the knowledge which had been neglected by him.

Scientia iuti sumus quae ab eo neglecta erat.

15. Whose plans
did the old men of all those cities fear? Which plans did they esteem?

Cuius consilia senes illorum omnium urbium timuerunt?
Quae dilexerunt?

SENTENTIAE ANTIQUAE

1. Quae est nātūra
animī? Est mortālis. (Lucretius.)

What is the nature of the soul? It is mortal.

2. Illa argūmenta
vīsa sunt et gravia et certa. (Cicero.)

Those proofs seemed both serious and clear.

3. Quid nōs facere
contrā istōs et scelera eōrum dēbēmus? (Cicero.)

What must we do against those men and their crimes?

4. Quid ego ēgī?
In quod perīculum iactus sum? (Terence.)

What have I done? Into what danger have I been thrown?

5. O dī
immortālēs! In quā urbe vīvimus? Quam cīvitātem habēmus? (Cicero.)

O immortal gods! In what city do we live? What state do
we have? What crimes do we see?

6. Quī sunt bonī
cīvēs nisi eī quī officio moventur et beneficia patriae memoriā tenent?
(Cicero.)

Who are good citizens if they are not those who are moved
by duty and keep gifts of the fatherland in their memory?

7. Alia, quae
pecūniā parantur, ab eō stultō parāta sunt; at mōrēs eius vērōs amīcōs parāre
nōn potuērunt. (Cicero.)

Other things, which are provided by money, have been
provided by that fool; but his character was not able to provide true friends.

THE AGED PLAYWRIGHT SOPHOCLES HOLDS HIS OWN

(Cicero, Dē Senectūte, 7.22. — summam , extreme–tragoedia, -ae, f., tragedy–proximē, adv., shortly before –Oedipum Coloneum, Oedipus at
Colonus)

Quam multa senēs
in mentibus tenent!

How many things the old hold in mind!

Sī studium grave
et labor et probitās in senectūte remanent, saepe manent etiam memoria,
scientia, sapientiaque.

If serious study and hard work and probity remain in the
old, memory, knowledge and wisdom also often stay.

Sophoclēs,
scrīptor ille Graecus, ad summam senectūtem tragoediās fēcit;

Shophocles, that Greek writor, made tragedies to extreme
old age.

sed propter hoc
studium familiam neglegere vidēbātur et ā fīliīs in iūdicium vocātus est.

but because of this pursuit he seemed to neglect his
family and was called into judgement by sons.

Tum auctor eam
tragoediam quam sēcum habuit et quam proximē scrīpserat, “Oedipum
Colōnēum,” iūdicibus recitāvit.

Then, the author recited to the juders the tragedy which
he had with himself and which he had written shortly before, Oedipus at
Colonus.

Ubi haec tragoedia
recitāta est, senex sententiīs iūdicum est lībertātus.

When this tragedy was recited, the old was free by the
opinion of the judgers.

CATULLUS BIDS A BITTER FAREWELL TO LESBIA

(*Catullus 8.12, 15-19; meter: choliambic. See L.A.1,
below (and cp. the adaptation of this passage in Ch.2). obdūrāre, to be hard,
be tough, endure–scelestus,
-a, -um wicked, accursed–vae
tē, woe to yo–adībit, will
visit–dīcēris, will
you to be said–bāsiāre, to kiss–cui,here means cuius–labellum, -ī, n, lip–mordēre,
to bite–dēstinātus,
-a, -um, resolved, firm)

Valē, puella — iam
Catullus obdūrat.

Goodbye, girl –now Catullus is tough.

…

Scelesta, vae tē!
Quae tibī manet vīta?

Wicked woman, woe to you! What life remain to you?

Quis nunc tē
adībit? Cui vidēberis bella?

What man now will visit you? To whom will you seem
pretty?

Quem nunc amābis?
Cuius esse dīcēris?

Which man now you will love? Whose will you be said to
be?

Quem bāsiābis? Cui
labella mordēbis?

Which man will you kiss? whose lips you will bite?

At tū, Catulle,
dēstinātus obdūrā.

But you, Catullus, be firm, resolute.

MESSAGE FROM A BOOKCASE

(*Martial 14.37; meter: hendecasyllabic. –sēlectus, -a,
-um, select, carefully chosen–tinea,
-ae, f., maggot, bookworm–trux,
gen., trucis, firce, savage–blatta,
-ae, f., cockroach)

Sēlectōs nisi dās
mihī libellōs,

admittam tineās
trucēsque blattās!

Unless you give me (carefully) chosen books,

I will send bookworms and fierce cockroaches!

Teach yourself Latin XVIII

CAPVT

XVIII

本章介紹動詞第一第二變化的被動式。在拉丁文中，要表達被動式只要將現在主動式的-o/-m,
-s, -t, -mus, -tis, -nt換成-r,
-ris, -tur, -mur, -mini, -ntur即可。在imperfect
indicative以及future
indicative上也相去不遠，皆為插入ba,
bi來表示，唯future
indicative passive的第一人稱、第二人稱單數有些微差異。

見下表：

I am (being) praised	I was (being), used to be praised	I will be praised	Ending
Laudor Laudaris Laudatur Laudamur Laudamini Laudantur	Laudabar Laudabaris Laudabatur Laudabamur Laudabamini Laudabantur	Laudabor Laudaberis Laudabitur Laudabimur Laudabimini Laudabuntur	-r -ris -tur -mur -mini -ntur

Present Passive Infinitive的表達方式則是將active的-e結尾換作是-i，如:

Laudare, laudari

Monere, moneri

以下為幾個例子：

Caesarem admonet.

He warns Caesar

Caesar admonetur.

Caesar is (being) warned.

很直覺簡單，只是要多練習，看到被動式的結尾要馬上反應。

Ablative of personal agent

在先前曾經有介紹過ablative
case可以做為by means
of 的意思來使用，而在被動式時，很自然的會想要強調是by
whom the action is done! 當然，這個by
whom還是由我們的Ablative
case來說明囉。

不過拉丁文在此區分了是行為者(agent)去做這樣的行為還是非行為者去做，好比說某個事件影響了某個結果跟某個行為者去導致某個結果，這兩者是有差異的。若為行為者導致某個結果，則要在其前方多加a或是ab；若為非行為者，則直接用ablative case即可。

以下為幾個例子：

Caesar a
dis admonetur.

Caesar is warned by gods.

Urbs ab
malis delebatur.

The city is destroyed by the evil men.

Urbs flammis
delebatur.

The city is destroyed by the fire.

因為flamma是事物，而不是行為者，故在abl. Case前不加ab

VOCABVLA

NOUN
Flumen, fluminis	n	river
Genus, generis	n	Origin, kind, type, sort, class
Hostis, hostis	m	An enemy; hostes, hostium, the enemy
Ludus, ludi	m	Game, sport; school
Probitas, probitatis	f	Uprightness, honesty
Scientia, scientiae	f	Knowledge
ADJECTIVE
Clarus, clara, clarum		Clear, bright; renowned, famous, illustrious
Mortalis, mortalis, mortale		Mortal
OTHER
Cur		Why
Deinde		Thereupon, next, then
VERB
Fluo, fluere, fluxi, fluxum		To flow
Lego, legere, legi, lectum		To pick out, choose; read
Misceo, miscēre, miscue, mixtum		To mix, stir up, disturb
Moveo, movēre, movi, motum		To move; arouse, affect
Videor, videri, visus sum		Passive of vedio, To be seen, seem, appear

EXERCITATIONES

1. Multī morte
etiam facilī nimis terrentur.

Many men are terrified too much even by an easy death.

2. Beāta memoria
amīcitiārum dulcium numquam dēlēbitur.

The happy memory of sweet friendships will never be
destroyed.

3. Illa fēmina
caeca omnia genera atrium quoque intellēxit et ab amīcīs iucundīs semper
laudābātur.

That blind woman also understood all types of the arts
and was always praised by her pleasant friends.

4. Pater senex
vester, ā quō saepe iuvābāmur, multa dē celeribus perīculīs ingentis
maris herī dīcere coepit.

Your old father, by whom we used to be helped often,
began to say many things about the swift dangers of the vast sea yesterday.

5. Mentēs nostrae
memoriā potentī illōrum duōrum factōrum cito moventur.

Our minds are moved quickly by the strong memory of those
two deeds.

6. Cōnsilia
rēgīnae illō tertiō bellō longō et difficilī dēlēbantur.

The queen’s plans were destroyed by that third long and
difficult war.

7. Itaque māter
mortem quartī fīliī exspectābat, quī nōn valēbat et cuius aetās erat
brevis.

And so, the mother was expecting her fourth son’s death,
who was not well and whose life was short.

8. Bella
difficilia sine cōnsiliō et clēmentiā numquam gerēbāmus.

We never waged difficult wars without plan and mercy.

9. Tē cum novem ex
aliīs miserīs ad Caesarem crās trahent.

Tomorrow, they will drag you with nine of the other
wretches to Caesar.

10. Rēgem ācrem, quī
official neglēxerat, ex urbe suā ēiēcērunt.

They threw out the harsh king from their city, who had
neglected his duties.

11. Ille poēta in
tertiō libellō saturārum scrīpsit dē hominibus avārīs quī ad centum terrās
aliās nāvigāre cupiunt quod pecūniam nimis dēsīderant.

The poet wrote in the third book of satires about greedy
men who want to sail to a hundred other lands because they desire money too
much.

12. Mercy will be
given by them even to the citizens of other cities.

Et civibus
aliarum urbium clementia ab eis dabitur.

13. Many are moved
too often by money but not by truth.

Multi nimis saepe pecunia sed non veritate moventur.

14. The state will
be destroyed by the powerful king, whom they are beginning to fear.

Civitas a rege potenti, quem timere incipiunt delebitur.

15. Those ten
women were not frightened by plans of that trivial sort.

Illae decem feminae consiliis illius generis levis non
terrebantur.

SENTENTIAE ANTIQUAE

1. Possunt quia
posse videntur. (Virgil. –quia, conj., because)

They can because they seem to be able.

2. Etiam fortēs
virī subitīs perīculīs saepe terrentur. (Tacitus. –subitus, -a, -um, sudden)

Even brave men are often frightened by sudden dangers.

3. Tua cōnsilia
sunt clāra nōbīs; tenēris scientiā hōrum cīvium omnium. (Cicero.)

Your plans are clear to us; you are restrained by the
knowledge of all of these citizens.

4. Malum est
cōnsilium quod mūtārī nōn potest. (Publilius Syrus.)

Bad is the plan that cannot be changed.

5. Fās est ab hoste docērī. (Ovid. –fās
est, it is right.)

It is right to be taught by an enemy.

6. Eō tempore
erant circēnsēs lūdī, quō genere levī spectāculī numquam teneor. (Pliny.
–circēnsēs lūdī, contest in the circus ;quo genere = a kind by which, as here
with genere, the antecedent is often attracted into the rel. clause.
–spectāculum, –ī, n., sence, spectacle)

At that time there were the circus games, by which
trivial type of spectacle I am never held.

7. Haec est nunc
vīta mea: admittō et salūtō bonōs virōs quī ad mē veniunt; deinde aut
scrībō aut legō; post haec omne tempus corporī datur. (Cicero. –salutāre, to
greet)

This is now my life: I receive and greet good men who
come to me; then I either write or read; after these things, all the time is
given to the body.

8. Nihil igitur
mors est, quoniam nātūra animī habētur mortālis. (Lucretius.)

Therefore death is nothing, since the nature of the
spirit is regarded mortal.

9. Amor miscērī
cum timōre nōn potest. (*Publilius Syrus.)

Love cannot be mixed with fear.

10. Numquam enim
temeritās cum sapientiā commiscētur. (*Cicero. –temeritās, –tātis, f, rushness)

Truly, rushness is never mixed together with wisdom.

11. Dīligēmus eum quī
pecūniā nōn movētur. (Cicero.)

We esteem he/she who is not moved by money.

12. Laudātur ab hīs; culpātur ab illīs. (*Horace.)

He is praised by these men; blamed by those.

13. Probitās laudātur — et alget. (*Juvenal. –algēre, to
be cold, be neclected)

Probity is praised – then is left in the cold (i.e.
neglected).

Algēre雖為主動型態，但其在英文中的意義是被動型，翻譯時要注意。

ON DEATH AND METAMORPHOSIS

Ovid, Metamorphoses

O genus humānum,
quod mortem nimium timet!

O, human kind, who fears death too much!

Cūr perīcula
mortis timētis?

Whu you fear the danger of death?

Omnia mūtantur,
omnia fluunt, nihil ad vēram mortem venit.

All things are changed, all things flow, nothing comes to
true death.

Animus errat et in
alia corpora miscētur; nec manet, nec eāsdem fōrmās servat, sed in fōrmās novās
mūtātur.

The soul goes astray and is mixed into the other body;
neither does it remain, nor does it preserve the same forms, but changed into
new forms.

Vīta est flūmen;
tempora nostra fugiunt et nova sunt semper.

Life is a river; our time (in Latin is pl.) flees and is
always new.

Nostra corpora
semper mūtantur; id quod fuimus aut sumus, nōn crās erimus.

Our bodies are always being changed; that which we have been
or we are, not we will be tomorrow.

提高TOEFL口說分數Part II

至於對於發音(pronunciation)以及語調(intonation)自我感覺過於良好要如何改善，其實方法說簡單不簡單、說難不難。

第一個，而且是最重要的方法是錄音。
可以用錄音筆或者是電腦內建的錄音程式錄音起來。這是因為在講話時自己緊張、無法專心的聽到自己犯的錯誤，因此需要再另外重新聆聽，而非念過就算了。念過就算了，甚至是非常認真的練習，反而可能是強化了自己的錯誤。

好比說很多人直到聽到了錄音知道自己唸出來的think其實是sink、pain其實是pen
這些發音上的問題，其實自己都聽得出來。聽得出不同，就還有救。
如果聽不出來或者是聽得出來卻不知道怎麼修正，那可能要找家教或是英文比較好的同學來指導。

第二、善用網路上的發音教學資源
其實網路上有非常多的資源可以幫忙我們矯正發音
好比說
下面兩個字典都有發音可以聽，所以不大確定怎麼念、重音在哪邊的字，可以先利用這些資源。
http://www.merriam-webster.com/
http://www.macmillandictionary.com/

另外的資源則是針對發音
http://www.manythings.org/pp/
這個網站有將non-english native speakers常犯的錯誤以兩兩一組的方式放在一起對照
(博客來有在賣的《說出好聽力》也是不錯的教材)

http://www.uiowa.edu/~acadtech/phonetics/english/frameset.html

至於這個網站則是愛荷華大學的網站
一一的講解了每個音標要如何發音，並且還有用動畫以及真人影片來幫助我們了解如何正確地發出這些音

第三，多聽多看沒有字幕的外國短片
比方說
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/video_and_audio/

之所以建議短片，當然時間有考量，但另外一個最重要的考量是看影片時可以觀察他們的嘴型。

其實多看外國影片，觀察他們的嘴型，我們會發現其實他們的嘴型做的都非常的大，跟我們講中文的人差非常多。很多時候，我們之所以沒有辦法發出正確的發音，都跟我們的嘴巴沒有做出來，好比說bitch跟beach，i的長短音在嘴型有沒有做出來上是差非常多的。而Pen跟Pain的差異在e跟ei的音，ei能不能好好的說出來，也跟臉部的肌肉有沒有正確的運動有關係。

其實增進口說真的不外乎多講，念出每一個字句其實都像是在跳舞。厲害的舞者在踩出第一個舞步時，其實就已經開始為第二個舞步作準備。其實講話也是一模一樣的，不管是中文還是英文。要能夠這樣，當然就是要熟練，要能夠把英文變成自己的一部分。而不是一邊講一邊思考文法，這樣子，結巴也是合理可預見。

提高TOEFL口說分數Part I

其實我自己考托福也考過不只一次，主要的問題就是在於口說的分數沒有辦法提高。

這樣的問題我相信其實不只我自己有，其他很多考生也會有相同的挫折。

但其實真正無法考高的原因就只有兩個：

1. 時間控制

2. 對於發音(pronunciation)以及語調(intonation)自我感覺過於良好

時間控制上，這往往是很多人忽略的。

有很多人的英文口說其實是有機會拿到G，但卻常常只有F而已。其中一個原因就是時間沒有控制好。托福口說根本就不是一個真實的情境，怎麼可能向人介紹自己想要做的工作、為什麼喜歡去大型商場買東西時，時間只有四十五秒？而且在此四十五秒鐘，又要有details and explanation，是要怎麼個detail法呢？

所以時間上，要如何分配第一第二題的四十五秒、後四題的一分鐘，就幾乎底定了口說分數的一半。原因就是上面說的，要怎麼再這麼短的時間內說出一個符合評分要的一致性、完整性的答案，而沒有因為時間限制而還有想要講的話還沒講出來，被scorer評分評說miss important information。

在第一第二題的獨立口說上，我推薦用topic+RERE回答方式

一開始就要清楚地講出自己要說甚麼：好比說想要環遊世界、最喜歡的老師就是XXX、最喜歡騎腳踏車。

至於下面的RERE，其實就是給出一個理由隨後給出一個解釋，因此回答問題上就是以RERE作為順序。這是因為在四十五秒內，一開始講完自己的topic之後，大概已經過了超過五秒了，接下來的RERE其實一個RE大概只能給至多20秒，在這樣的狀況下，其實理由只能說一句，解釋至多至多兩句。如果多說了，自己看到消逝的時間時也會慌、而且也容易被說答題不一致。好比說有的人喜歡說I… for two reasons. 有時在第一個理由講太久，第二個理由來不及講出來，這樣當然是前後不一致阿！

所以自己練習的時候，一定要計時，不要因為自己的口語表達不錯、可以很流暢開心的跟外國人聊天，就覺得口說一定可以高分。因為托福考試不是一個真實的對話環境，托福，是個考試。

所以整個時間控制如下：
45-40 topic

40-20 RE

20-00 RE

後面四題則是統整型的口說，我會分別說明。

第三第四題的特色是，考生會看到一則短文，然後會聽到一段對話或是一小段課程。所以要拿到高分的重點也是一樣：在有限的時間內把短文內容以及對話內容統整進回答內。(有些人會說，其實回答的時候不需要提到閱讀部分。但若此說為真，那其實第三題第四題跟第五第六題並沒有差異。)

要能夠好好的準備第三題，首先要先分析題目的結構。因為第三第四題我們要做的事情只有重述聽到、看到的內容而已，所以分析好題目結構後，我們就能好好的分配時間。

第一、第三題的文章內容：
一定是一則公告(Announcement)、一個建議(proposal/suggestion)、一則抱怨信(complain letter)

第二、該文中：
一定會說學校決定或是應該要做些甚麼改變
一定會有兩個理由去支持這個改變

第三、對話中：
一定會有一男一女
一定會有其中一個人支持或是反對該改變
一定會針對文章中所提到的兩個支持改變的理由作出支持或是反對的理由、解釋

這樣分析下來，我們可以發現第三題其實滿蠢的。
要拿到高分，我們要做的事情就是，若有人完全沒看過那則文章聽到那段對話，也可以知道發生了甚麼事情。

所以答題結構會是：

60-50 公告以及簡述公告內的理由

50-45 男生/女生支持/反對該改變

45-25 支持/反對理由一的理由解釋

25-00 支持/反對理由二的理由解釋

很多人會無法拿高分，就是在第一部份花了太多時間，講了太多不必要的細節。其實第一部分只要說：
the announcement states that the university is going to XXX because it will help students R1, R2.
所以其實很簡短，如果說理由是可以幫忙省錢、環保，那就只要說saving money and protecting environment就可以，不需要講太多。

另外一個可能是，在最後兩個部分，沒有將對話中針對文章內的兩個理由所提的理由解釋連結起來，卻講了太多細節。如果學生說這樣作不會省錢，因為有額外的開銷，那其實就是：
she/ he argues that XXX will not help students save money because they will be forced to have additional expenditure.

第四題則是小講座

文章內容是在解釋一個概念，而聽力內容則是針對該概念提出解釋
比較困難的地方在於，聽力內容可能只有一個例子在解釋該概念，也有可能是以實驗組對照組作解釋，因此針對不同的解釋方式，分配時間的方式也不大相同。但總的而言，這樣題目，其實也只是要複述自己聽到的內容而已。

前面可以用十秒到二十秒說文章中如何定義該概念，然後開始談聽力的內容。

如果只有一個例子，那基本的分配為下。雖然粗略，但這也是沒辦法的事情。
60-50/40 Topic and definition
50/40-00 Example

如果是給類似於實驗組對照組的，由於實驗內容常常會不小心講太多，所以建議會是開始只花十秒鐘，例子各給二十五秒，否則很容易會沒辦法在時限內答完。

60-50 Topic and definition

50-25 group 1
25-00 group 2

至於最後一組，第五第六題則只有聽力內容，其實也只需要複述而已。

第五題的問題是：其中一個學生有問題、有兩個解決方式、你會選哪個？
前面兩個部分應該大部分的人都可以回答到，但問題就是，回答時可能花了太多時間，而沒有時間好好說自己會選哪一個選擇以及為什麼。所以一樣的，要先了解一下聽力中的內容結構為何，幫助我們分配時間。

對話內容中：
一定有一男一女
一定其中一個人有問題
一定會想到兩個解套方式，但都不是很完美

為什麼會說其實第五題也只需要複述，主要原因就在於最後一個一定。對話過程中一定是先想到一個解套，但是其中一人會說這個理由可能有那些缺點，所以才會有第二個解套方案，雖然這個解套方案還是會有些缺點。所以回答自己的選擇時，只需要重新說 even though the first solution is can help her/him, she/he will not be able to OOO. Therefore, I think the second solution is much better because….

因此，整個答題結構我會建議以下面方式答題：

60-40 the man/woman’s problem is…
40-30 the two possible solutions
30-00 choice and why

這樣的答題結構，也非常的清楚、一致，不會有問題。

第六題的課程內容其實也有模組性，只是他的模組性需要作過幾次題目後分析才會發現。其實第六題的結構非常的明顯，一定是有一個大題目，然後根據這個大題目會談兩個因素、特徵、狀況、種類等等的。好比說為什麼候鳥可以飛很遠，因為他們會儲存很多的能量、他們會利用氣流飛翔。又好比說在甚麼況狀下遠古遺跡可以保存得好，乾燥的環境、無氧的環境。所以用表列方式來說就是：

大題目
子題一
子題二

子題中當然會給一些解釋，但是這種解釋其實也往往是if…then, because等等句子可以馬上帶出的。
所以整個準備的時間也可以用

60-50 topic: the two factors which enables birds to migrate…blah blah
50-25 subtopic 1
25-00 subtopic 2

總而言之，其實托福分數沒辦法拉高的重要原因之一就是時間沒有掌握好
沒有辦法在時限內講完答案，因此就容易被說是miss important information…
如果非常努力地要在時限內說出完整答，但卻每每失敗，那問題就是出在流暢度。

大部分的人自己在講話時，都會自我感覺良好，覺得自己講的其實已經很快了。這是因為本來人聽到自己的聲音跟別人聽到自己的聲音的音高以及速度都不同，而練習口說時常常又會非常緊張，不知不覺的會ㄜ…ㄜ…或是停頓，這些聽在自己的耳朵裡，都以為沒有很嚴重，但事實上自己錄音起來聽過後，就會發現自己確實講得不好，只能拿到Fair或是Limited也是很公允的。

至於要怎麼增進改善這個問題，可以參考我先前寫過的增進托福聽力、口說的迷思。

Teach Yourself Latin XVII

CAPVT XVII

如同英文，拉丁文也有關係代名詞。英文中用who,
which, that等，而拉丁文則以qui,
quae, quod來連結兩個句子。除了所用的符號不同之外，拉丁文中的關係代名詞也有六種格與三種詞性，隨著代換的名詞在關係子句中的格不同，用來連接關係子句的關係代名詞也要跟著變換。以下為基本的變化表：

	Singular			Plural
	M	F	N	M	F	N
N G D A A	Qui Cuius Cui Quem Quo	Quae Cuius Cui Quam Qua	Quod Cuius Cui Quod Quo	Qui Quorum Quibus Quos Quibus	Quae Quarum Quibus Quas Quibus	Quae Quorum Quibus Quae Quibus

比方說：

The woman whom you are praising is wise.

這句話可以拆成

The woman is wise.

You are praising the woman.

很明顯的子句中的the
woman是accusative case，因此關係代名詞要用quam。

故整句翻譯為：

Femina quam laudas est sapiens.

其實概念上非常簡單，但由於有格的問題，要多練習才能馬上反應出應該用哪個Q。

下面是課文中的例子：

Diligo puellam quae ex Italia venit.

此句可以拆成：

Diligo puellam.

Puella ex Italia vēnit.

所以翻譯起來就是：I
admire the girl who came from Italy.

Homo de quo dicebas est amicus
carus.

Homo est amicus carus.

De hominem dicebas.

The man about whom you used to talk is a dear friend.

Puella cui librum dat est fortunata.

Puella est fortunata.

Puellae librum dat.

The girl to whmo he is giving a book is fortunate.

Puer cuius patrem iuvabamus
est fortis.

Puer est fortis.

Patrem pueri iuvabamus.

The boy whose father we used to help is brave.

Vitam meam
committam eis viris quorum
virtutes laudabas.

Vitam meam committam eis viris.

Virtutes virorum laudabas.

I will entrust my life to those men whose virtues you
used to praise.

Timeo idem
periculum quod
timetis.

Timeo idem periculum.

Periculum timetis.

I fear the same danger which you (pl.) fear.

分析有關係子句的句子時，務必要記得從關係代名詞開始到第一個看到的動詞為止，就是整個關係子句。拉丁文中的關係子句會放在一起形成一個小單位，並不會隨意亂調換，所以在不熟練時，可以畫小括號把子句括起來，以免混淆，如第三句中的cui…dat即為一個子句單位。因此翻譯時把握這個原則，就不會將主句的動詞翻進子句，或是子句中的翻進主句。

VOCABVLA

NOUN
Libellous, libelli	m	Little book
Qui, quae, quod		Who, which, what
ADJECTIVE
Caecus, caeca, caecum		Blind
Levis, levis, leve		Light; easy; slight, trivial
OTHER
aut		Or; aut…aut…either…or
cito		quickly
quoque		Too, as well
VERB
Admitto, admittere, admisi, admissum		To admit, recevice, let in
Coepi, coepisse, coeptum		began
Cupio, cupere, cupivi, cupitum		To desire, wish, long for
Deleo, delere, delevi, deletum		To destroy, wipe out, erase
Desidero, desiderare, desideravi, desideratum		to desire, long for, miss
Incipio, incepere, incepi, inceptum		To begin
Navigo, navigare, navigavi, navicatum		To sail, navigate
Neglego, neglegere, neglexi, neglectum		To neglect, disregard
Recito, recitare, recitavi, recitatum		To read aloud, recite

EXERCITATIONES

1. Potēns quoque
est vīs atrium, quae nōs semper alunt.

Mighty, also, is the power of the arts which always
nourish us.

2. Miserōs hominēs,
autem, sēcum iungere coeperant.

However, they had begun to join themselves with the
wretched men.

Miserōs為acc.

3. Nam illā aetāte
pars populī in Italiā iūra cīvium numquam tenuit.

For in that time, a part of people in Italy never held
the rights of the citizens.

4. Incipimus
vēritātem intellegere, quae mentēs nostrās semper regere dēbet et sine
quā valēre nōn possumus.

We are beginning to understand the truth, which should
always direct our minds and without which, we are unable to be strong.

5. Quam difficile
est bona aut dulcia ex bellō trahere!

How difficult it is to derive good or pleasant things
from war!

6. Centum ex virīs mortem
diū timēbant et nihil clēmentiae exspectābant.

A hundred of the men used to fear death for a long time
and they were expecting nothing of mercy.

7. Puer mātrem
timēbat, quae eum saepe neglegēbat.

The boy used to fear his mother who often used to neglect
him.

8. Inter omnia perīcula
illa fēmina sē cum sapientiā gessit.

Among all the dangers, that woman composed herself with
wisdom.

9. Itaque celer
rūmor ācris mortis per ingentēs urbēs cucurrit.

And so, the swift rumor of the harsh death ran through
giant cities.

10. Quoniam
memoria factōrum nostrōrum dulcis est, beātī nunc sumus et senectūtem facilem
agēmus.

Since the memory of our deeds is pleasant, we are now
happy and will live old age happy.

11. Multī
audītōrēs saturās ācrēs timēbant quās poēta recitābat.

Much audience used to fear the harsh satires which the
poet was reciting.

12. They feared
the powerful men whose city they were ruling by force.

Potentes viros quorum urbem vi regebant timebant.

13. We began to
help those three pleasant women to whom we had given our friendship.

Illas tres feminas iucundas quibus amicitiam nostram
dederamus iuvare coepimus.

14. We fear that
book with which he is beginning to destroy our liberty.

Illum librum quocum nostram libertatem delere incipit
timemus.

SENTENTIAE ANTIQUAE

1. Salvē, bone
amīce, cui fīlium meum herī commīsī. (Terence.)

Hello, good friend, to whom I entrusted my son yesterday.

2. Dionysius,
dē quō ante dīxī, ā Graeciā ad Siciliam per tempestātem nāvigābat. (Cicero.
— Sicilia, -ae, Sicily)

Dionysius, of whom I spoke before, sailed through a storm
from Greece to Sicily.

3. Multī cīvēs aut ea perīcula quae
imminent nōn vident aut
ea quae vident neglegunt. (Cicero. –imminēre, to impend, threaten)

Many citizens either do not see the dangers that impend
or disregard those that they see.

Aut…aut…句型帶出對仗

4. Bis dat quī cito dat. (Publilius
Syrus. –bis, adv., twice)

He who gives quickly gives twice.

5. Quī coepit, dīmidium factī habet. Incipe!
(Horace. –dīmidium, -iī, n., half)

He who began has the half of the deed. Begin!

6. Levis est
fortuna: id cito repōscit quod dedit. (Publilius Syrus. –repōscō, -ere, to
demand back)

Fortune is trivial: it demands quickly back what it has
given.

7. Fortūna eum stultum facit quem nimium amat.
(Publilius Syrus.)

Fortune makes him stupid whom she loves too much.

8. Nōn sōlum fortūna ipsa
est caeca sed etiam
eōs caecōs facit quōs semper adiuvat. (Cicero.)

Not only is fortune blind, but it also makes those men whom
it always helps blind.

9. Bis vincit quī
sē vincit in victōriā. (*Publilius Syrus.)

He who conquers himself in victory conquers twice.

10. Simulātiō
dēlet vēritātem, sine quā nōmen amīcitiae valēre nōn potest. (Cicero. –simulatio,
-ōnis, f., pretense, insincerity)

Pretense destroys truth; without which, the name of
“friendship” cannot have power.

11. Virtūtem enim
illīus virī amāvī, quae cum corpore nōn periit. (Cicero. –pereō –īre, –iī,
-itum, to perish)

I truly loved the virtue of that man, which did not
perish with his body.

12. Turbam vītā.
Cum hīs vīve quī tē meliōrem facere possunt; illōs admittē quōs tū
potes facere meliōrēs. (Seneca. –melior, better)

Avoid the crowd. Live with these men who can make you
better; let in those whom you can make better.

ON THE PLEASURES OF LOVE IN OLD AGE

Cicero. Dē Senectūte 14.47. –minor, less. –carēre, to
lack, want

Estne amor in
senectūte?

Is there love in the old age?

Voluptās, enim
minor est, sed minor quoque est cupiditās.

Pleasure, truly, is less, but desire is also less.

Nihil autem est
cūra nōbīs, sī nōn cupimus, et nōn caret is quī nōn dēsīderat.

Nothing however is dear by us, if we do not want, and he
who does not desire does not lack..

Adulēscentēs nimis
dēsīderant; senēs satis amōris saepe habent et multum sapientiae.

Young men are longing for to much; old man often have
enough love and many wisdom.

Cōgitō, igitur,
hoc tempus vītae esse iūcundum.

I think, therefore, this time of life is pleasant.

IT’S ALL IN THE DELIVERY

Martial, 1.38; meter: elegiac couplet. –libellous, the delayed
antecedent of quem; in prose order might be: libellus quem recitās est meus.
–male, adv., of malus.–cum,
conj., when

Quem recitās meus
est, ō Fīdentīne, libellus;

sed male cum
recitās, incipit esse tuus!

What you recite, O Fidentinus, is my little book;

but when you recite it badly, it begins to be yours!